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Effects of ATRA on the epithelial barrier integrity in TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. The cells were mock-infected or infected with TGEV (1 MOI) for 1 h, followed by incubation with or without 80 μM ATRA for 36 h. (A) LDH Activity. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 4). ***P < 0.001. (B–D) Western blot and densitometric analysis of ZO-1 and Occludin. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 3). ***P < 0.001.
