Figure 5.

Effects of ATRA on NF-κB signaling pathway in TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. (A–C, F) The cells were mock-infected or infected with TGEV (1 MOI) for 1 h, followed by incubation with or without 80 μM ATRA for 36 h. (D, E) The cells were mock-infected or infected with UV-inactivated TGEV (1 MOI) for 1 h, followed by incubation without ATRA for 36 h. (A–E) The phosphorylation levels of IκBα and NF-κB were analyzed by western blot. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 3). **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001. (F) Immunofluorescence analysis nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65.