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. 2022 Jan 31;13:830497. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830497

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Copyright © 2022 Gong, Pan, Cheng, Wang, Zhao and Wu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Toll-like receptors and their agonists. TLRs play an essential role in innate immunity and serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. TLR1, TLR2 (a heterodimer of TLR1 and TLR6), TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 are located on the cell membrane, while TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are located on the membrane of the endosome. It has been reported that TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 are critical for host defense against M. tuberculosis infection. In addition, the agonists of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 can enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of peptide-based vaccines via TLR2- MyD88-NK-κB/IRFs-IFN-I/γ signaling pathway and TLR4-MyD88/TRIF-NK-κB/IRFs-IFN-I/γ signaling pathway. TLR10 is an orphan receptor without confirmed ligands, signalling pathway and biological function.