Table 1.

Different methods to estimate a correct UVC insertion length.

References	Study population	Results
Dunn (26)	50 UV (at necropsy) BW 680–4,027 g, EG 26–44 weeks	Shoulder-umbilicus distance
Shukla and Ferrara (27)	39 UV and 4 UA, BW 2,037 ± 1,077 g 10 UV, BW 2,260 ± 1,144 g	Lenght (cm) = [(3 * BW in Kg + 9) / 2 +1]
Verheij et al. (28)	143 UV using the Shukla formula 125 UV using the revised formula	Lenght (cm) = [(3 * BW in Kg + 9) / 2]
Vali et al. (29)	82 UV and 55 UA BW 1,311± 888 g, EG 23–27+6 weeks	Umbilicus-mid-xiphoid-bed distance
Gupta et al. (30)	170 UV, BW 490 ± 4,800 g, EG 24–41 weeks 125 UA, BW 490 ± 4,800 g, EG 24–41 weeks	Lenght (cm) = Umbilical-Nipple length – 1 cm

The Shukla formula had the highest rate of either correct or high position. The Dunn formula performed quite poorly.