FIGURE 4.

Paramyxoviruses accessory proteins-mediated evasion of apoptosis, autophagy, and SGs. Paramyxoviruses infection could induce other immune responses, including apoptosis, autophagy, and SGs to restrict viral replication. However, these immune responses can be manipulated by paramyxoviruses accessory proteins. The V proteins of NDV could inhibit apoptosis by interacting with CacyBP/SIP, TXNL1, or MSI1. The P protein of MeV could inhibit apoptosis with unknown mechanisms, and the MeV V protein could inhibit p73. The MuV V and PIV5 V protein could inhibit caspase 9 and caspase 12, respectively. The HPIV2 V protein could inhibit FTH1. The P protein of HPIV3 could inhibit autophagy through interacting with SNAP29. The P protein of HPIV3 and MeV C protein could inhibit stress granules (SG). Red solid lines indicate confirmed interactions between adaptors and accessory proteins, and red dashed lines indicate uncertain interactions or unknown underlying mechanisms; P, phosphate.