(a) Infographics of the in vivo implanting process. (b) Dental pulp-like tissue regeneration through SHEDs, SHEDs/SMS combined with human root segments after implantation subcutaneously into nude mice for 1 month. The black-dotted frames indicate the gaps between regenerated tissue and tooth root segment, red-dotted circles indicate vessels, the red-dotted frames indicate odontoblastic layer, the red arrows indicate CD31 positive cells, black arrows indicate the DMP-1 positive cells, blue arrows indicate DSPP positive cells, the red dotted lines indicate cell processes penetrated into the dentin tubules. M represents the location of residual microspheres. Scale bars = 100 μm.