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. 2022 Jan 31;9:804049. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.804049

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Copyright © 2022 Liu, Shao, Tu, Sun, Dong, Wang, Zhou, Chen, Tao and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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TMAO-Exos impaired cell migration and tube formation via down-regulation of CXCR4. (A) The GFP signals were detectable in HAECs transfected with LV-NC and LV-CXCR4 (×100 magnification). (B–D) Transfection of LV-CXCR4 significantly increased CXCR4 expression at the mRNA and protein levels. n = 3, independent t-test was performed for comparisons; **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 versus the LV-NC group. (E,F) Cell migration (×100 magnification) and (G,H) tube formation (×40 magnification) were dramatically inhibited by TMAO-Exos, which could be rescued by overexpression of CXCR4. n = 3, one-way ANOVA followed by least significant difference (LSD) test for pairwise comparisons were applied; *p < 0.05, #p < 0.05 versus the TMAO-Exos group and the TMAO-Exos + LV-NC group. All data were expressed as mean ± SEM.