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. 2021 Sep 4;45(2):zsab226. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsab226

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© Sleep Research Society 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Associations between chronotype and circulating protein markers. Figure shows the results from the linear regression modelling of total or direct effect of chronotype. The total effects model was adjusted for age, sex, and sampling time. The direct effects model was further adjusted for smoking, alcohol, physical activity, diet, sleep sufficiency, sleep duration, BMI, hypertension, and diabetes. Results are presented as β-coefficients and 95% confidence intervals representing changes in protein measurement in relation to the intermediate chronotype. ADM, Adrenomedullin; CCL15, C-C motif chemokine 15; CTSD, cathepsin D; CTSZ, cathepsin Z; FAS, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; HAOX1, hydroxyacid oxidase 1; IGFBP7, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7; LEP, leptin; LDL receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PLC, perlecan; PRSS8, prostasin; RARRES2, retinoic acid receptor protein 2; SPON2, spondin-2; tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator; TNFR1, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; Ext, extreme; Even, evening-type; Mod, moderate; Morn, morning-type.