Table 1.
Study population characteristics (2,436 Swedish adults from the Uppsala site of EpiHealth cohort, age 45–75 years)
| Extreme morning n = 511 |
Moderate morning n = 391 |
Intermediate n = 845 |
Moderate evening n = 306 |
Extreme evening n = 383 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | P | |
| Male* | 249 (48.7) | 199 (50.9) | 410 (48.5) | 166 (54.2) | 183 (47.8) | 0.41 |
| Age (years) | 60.8 (8.3) | 60.2 (8.2) | 62.3 (8.4) | 60.1 (8.7) | 61.6 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||||
| Single/living alone | 127 (24.9) | 84 (21.5) | 178 (21.1) | 69 (22.5) | 124 (32.6) | |
| Married/living together | 384 (75.1) | 306 (78.5) | 667 (78.9) | 237 (77.5) | 256 (67.4) | |
| Education | 0.066 | |||||
| Compulsory | 107 (20.9) | 71 (18.2) | 162 (19.2) | 49 (16.0) | 67 (17.5) | |
| Secondary | 143 (28.0) | 99 (25.4) | 209 (24.8) | 67 (21.9) | 87 (22.8) | |
| University | 192 (37.6) | 174 (44.6) | 352 (41.8) | 156 (51.0) | 183 (47.9) | |
| Other | 69 (13.5) | 46 (11.8) | 120 (14.2) | 34 (11.1) | 45 (11.8) | |
| Current smoker | 44 (10.2) | 20 (6.5) | 52 (7.6) | 25 (10.5) | 40 (12.7) | 0.034 |
| AUDIT-C score | 3.4 (1.8) | 3.5 (1.6) | 3.5 (1.7) | 3.7 (1.8) | 3.6 (1.9) | 0.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 (3.6) | 26.2 (3.7) | 26.4 (3.9) | 26.7 (3.9) | 26.9 (4.0) | 0.055 |
| WHR | 0.89 (0.08) | 0.90 (0.08) | 0.89 (0.08) | 0.90 (0.08) | 0.91 (0.08)1) | 0.17 |
| Body fat (%) | 30.1 (7.9) | 29.7 (7.9) | 30.5 (8.1) | 29.9 (8.5) | 31.2 (8.4) | 0.099 |
| Physical activity level | 0.24 | |||||
| Low | 30 (5.9) | 15 (3.9) | 37 (4.4) | 17 (5.6) | 29 (7.7) | |
| Medium-low | 169 (33.4) | 128 (33.3) | 296 (35.4) | 121 (39.5) | 138 (36.5) | |
| Medium-high | 212 (41.9) | 165 (43.0) | 364 (43.5) | 117 (38.2) | 155 (41.0) | |
| High | 95 (18.8) | 76 (19.8) | 139 (16.6) | 51 (16.7) | 56 (14.8) | |
| HNFI score | 2.7 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.6 (1.4) | 2.8 (1.4) | 0.36 |
| Sleep duration (hours) | 6.8 (1.0) | 6.9 (0.9) | 6.9 (1.0) | 6.9 (0.9) | 6.9 (1.0) | 0.32 |
| SSI | 0.95 (0.13) | 0.95 (0.12) | 0.94 (0.13) | 0.93 (0.12) | 0.93 (0.14) | 0.075 |
| Insufficient sleep | 65 (12.9) | 45 (11.9) | 119 (14.6) | 53 (18.0) | 77 (21.0) | 0.002 |
| Hypertension | 142 (27.8) | 103 (26.3) | 219 (25.9) | 71 (23.2) | 115 (30.0) | 0.32 |
| Diabetes | 15 (2.9) | 14 (3.6) | 39 (4.6) | 4 (1.3) | 16 (4.2) | 0.087 |
Variables presented as mean (±SD) or as n (%).
To obtain p-values, ANOVA and chi-square test were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. AUDIT-C score, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise score; BMI, body mass index; HNFI score, Healthy Food Nordic index score; SSI, sleep sufficiency index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
*Information on gender was not available for 22 participants.