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. 2022 Feb 14;17:88. doi: 10.1186/s13018-022-02949-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Juglans regia L. extract promoted the activation BMP2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in hBMSCs. hBMSCs were treated with OIM (osteogenic induction medium, including 10 mmol/L β-glycerophosphate, 10 nmol/L dexamethasone, and 10 μg/mL ascorbic acid) and JRL extract (20 μM and 40 μM) for 7 days. The protein levels of BMP2 (a and b), Runx2 (a and c), Smad1 (a and d), p-Smad1 (a and e), Smad4 (a and f), Wnt3a (a and g), β-catenin (a and h), and p-β-catenin (a and i) were tested by Western blot analysis. β-actin is a loading control. Data were represented as mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments performed for each assay. *P < 0.05 vs control group, **P < 0.01 vs control group