Fig. 5.

Juglans regia L. extract promoted the expression downstream genes of BMP2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in hBMSCs. hBMSCs were treated with 2 mg/mL Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) or 100 ng/mL Noggin for 24 h and then treated with OIM (osteogenic induction medium, including 10 mmol/L β-glycerophosphate, 10 nmol/L dexamethasone, and 10 μg/mL ascorbic acid) and JRL extract (20 μM) for 7 days. The protein levels of BMP2 (a and b), Runx2 (a and c), DLX5 (a and d), TCF-7 (e and f) and Lef1 (e and g) were tested by Western blot analysis. β-actin is a loading control. Data were represented as mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments performed for each assay. ^#P < 0.05 vs OIM-cultured group, ^##P < 0.01 vs OIM-cultured group, ^###P < 0.001 vs OIM-cultured group, ^&&P < 0.01 vs OIM + JRL extract-cultured group, ^&&&P < 0.001 vs OIM + JRL extract-cultured group