Table 3.
Mechanism underlying the actions of exosomal miRNAs from different cells on ischemic stroke.
| Exosomes Source | Exosomes Contents | Mechanisms underlying IS | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibiting inflammatory response | |||
| ADSCs | miR-126 | Inhibiting microglial activation and the expression of inflammatory factors | (103) |
| ADSCs | miR-30d-5p | Suppressing autophagy and promoting M2 microglia/macrophage polarization | (104) |
| Inhibition of apoptosis | |||
| M2 microglia | miR-124 | Inhibiting apoptosis by downstream target USP14 | (65) |
| BMSCs | miR-134 | Suppressing OLs apoptosis by negatively regulating the caspase-8-dependent apoptosis pathway | (105) |
| BMSCs | miR-29b-3p | Decreasing the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase 3 and upregulated Bcl-2, negative regulation of PTEN and activation of Akt | (106) |
| EPC | miR-126 | Inhibiting apoptosis and enhancing axon growth | (91) |
| HUVECs | miR-1290 | Attenuating apoptosis | (84, 107) |
| Promoting angiogenesis and repairing the BBB | |||
| RGD-exo | miR-210 | Increasing integrin β3, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD34 | (108) |
| EPC | miR-21-5p | Suppressing the expression of an angiogenesis inhibitor THBS1 in the recipient EC. | (111) |
| ADSC-Exos | miR-181b-5p | Decreasing TRPM7 mRNA and protein levels, upregulating the protein expression of HIF1α and VEGF, and downregulated the protein expression of TIMP3 | (101) |
| circulating EPCs | miR-126 | Promoting angiogenesis, increasing axon density, myelin density, vascular density, arterial diameter | (92) |
| Protection against oxidative damage | |||
| MSCs | miR-132-3p | Decreasing ROS production, downregulating the target protein RASA1, upregulating the expression of Ras and the downstream PI3K phosphorylation, those were associated with increased levels of phosphorylated Akt and eNOS. | (112) |
| Increasing neural plasticity and neurogenesis | |||
| MSCs | miR-17-92 | Improvement of neurological function and enhancements of oligodendrogenesis, neurogenesis, and neurite remodeling/neuronal dendrite plasticity by inhibiting phosphatase and tensin homolog and increasing the phosphorylation of phosphatase and tensin homolog downstream proteins, PKB, mechanistic target of rapamycin, and GSK3β | (90) |
| MSCs | miR-133b | Increasing axonal plasticity and neurite remodeling; regulating neurite outgrowth | (87, 113, 114) |
| RIPC serum | miR-126 | Neuroprotective effects by downregulating the expression of DNMTs in neural cells | (115) |
ADSCs, Adipose-derived stem cell; EPC, Endothelial progenitor cells; HUVECs, Human vascular endothelial cells; MSCs, Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells; RIPC, Remote ischemic preconditioning; TIMP3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3; THBS1, Thrombospondin-1; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; PKB, protein kinase B; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase.