Table 1.
Demographic and clinical features at baseline
| Parkinson’s Disease | Healthy Control | |||||
| Variable | Men (N = 277) | Women (N = 146) | p | Men (N = 126) | Women (N = 70) | p |
| Age (y) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 62.2 (9.7) | 60.7 (9.6) | 61.6 (10.9) | 59.4 (11.7) | ||
| Min–Max | 34.8–84.9 | 33.5–81.8 | 30.6–82.7 | 31.0–83.7 | ||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0.142 | 0 | 0 | 0.180 |
| Education* | ||||||
| < 13 y | 46 (17%) | 29 (20%) | 15 (12%) | 14 (20%) | ||
| 13–23 y | 229 (83%) | 116 (79%) | 110 (87%) | 56 (80%) | ||
| > 23 y | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0.404 | 0 | 0 | 0.126 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 6 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (3%) | ||
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 271 (98%) | 143 (98%) | 125 (99%) | 68 (97%) | ||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.291 |
| Race* | ||||||
| White | 259 (94%) | 132 (90%) | 118 (94%) | 64 (91%) | ||
| Black/African-American | 3 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 6 (5%) | 3 (4%) | ||
| Asian | 5 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | ||
| Other | 10 (4%) | 8 (5%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (3%0 | ||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0.253 | 0 | 0 | 0.563 |
| Family history of PD | ||||||
| Yes | 72 (26%) | 31 (21) | 8 (6%) | 2 (3%) | ||
| No | 205 (74%) | 114 (79) | 118 (84%) | 68 (97%) | ||
| Missing | 0 | 1 | 0.295 | 0 | 0 | 0.500 |
| Duration of disease (months) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.4 (5.9) | 7.1 (7.4) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Min–Max | 0.4–34.8 | 0.9–35.8 | ||||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0.302 | N/A | ||
| Age at PD diagnosis | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 61.6 (9.7) | 60.1 (9.6) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Min–Max | 34.2–84.8 | 31.8–81.6 | ||||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0.125 | N/A | ||
| Side Most Affected | ||||||
| Left | 105 (38%) | 74 (51%) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Right | 163 (59%) | 71 (49%) | ||||
| Symmetric | 9 (3%) | 1 81%) | ||||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0.017 | N/A | ||
| Vascular Risk Factor Score | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 13.1 (4.2) | 11.3 (5) | 13.2 (4.3) | 11.5 (5.7) | ||
| Min–Max | –1.0–24.0 | –3.0–24.0 | –2.0–21.0 | –3.0–25.0 | ||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | < 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.031 |
| Weight (kg) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 88.1 (14.7) | 69.3 (14.6) | 86.6 (12.0) | 67.5 (14.4) | ||
| Min–Max | 58.9–135.0 | 39.5–117.7 | 64.4–124.0 | 43.2–105.0 | ||
| Missing | 1 | 0 | < 0.001 | 0 | 1 | < 0.001 |
| Body Mass Index | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 27.9 (4.1) | 25.7 (5.3) | 27.6 (3.6) | 25.7 (5.4) | ||
| Min–Max | 19.8–41.6 | 16.7–43.8 | 20.7–39.6 | 17.5–42.3 | ||
| Missing | 1 | 1 | < 0.001 | 0 | 1 | 0.014 |
| MDS-UPDRS part III | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 21.2 (9.1) | 20.3 (8.5) | 1.2 (2.1) | 1.2 (2.4) | ||
| Min–Max | 6.0–51.0 | 4.0–46.0 | 0.0–13.0 | 0.0–10.0 | ||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0.342 | 2 | 0 | 0.969 |
*Analysis based on reduced categories. MDS-UPDRS, Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; PD, Parkinson’s disease.