Table 3.
Non-motor symptoms over time in Parkinson’s disease
| Men (N = 277) | Women (N = 146) | ||||||||||||||
| Variable | Baseline (N = 277) | Month 12 (N = 261) | Month 24 (N = 248) | Month 36 (N = 239) | Month 48 (N = 230) | Month 60 (N = 210) | Baseline (N = 146) | Month 12 (N = 136) | Month 24 (N = 130) | Month 36 (N = 127) | Month 48 (N = 117) | Month 60 (N = 107) | p Interaction (Sex vs Time)** | p Time** | Time effect** |
| MDS-UPDRS part I | |||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.3 (3.8) | 6.5 (4.4) | 7.6 (5.1) | 8.2 (5.3) | 9.3 (6.0) | 9.6 (6.3) | 6.1 (4.5) | 7.3 (5.0) | 7.8 (4.9) | 8.5 (5.7) | 8.7 (5.9) | 9.1 (6.3) | 0.009 | M: < 0.001 | M:0.98 |
| Min–Max | 0.0–18.0 | 0.0–29.0 | 0.0–26.0 | 0.0–32.0 | 0.0–30.0 | 0.0–34.0 | 0.0–24.0 | 0.0–27.0 | 0.0–23.0 | 0.0–36.0 | 0.0–36.0 | 0.0–36.0 | W: < 0.001 | W: 0.67 | |
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | |||
| Geriatric Depression Scale Total Score | |||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.3 (2.3) | 2.5 (2.7) | 2.6 (2.9) | 2.6 (2.6) | 2.7 (2.8) | 2.8 (2.7) | 2.4 (2.7) | 2.8 (3.3) | 2.6 (2.9) | 2.7 (3.2) | 2.4 (2.8) | 2.8 (3.1) | 0.535 | < 0.001 | 0.11 |
| Min–Max | 0.0–13.0 | 0.0–15.0 | 0.0–15.0 | 0.0–13.0 | 0.0–15.0 | 0.0–13.0 | 0.0–14.0 | 0.0–14.0 | 0.0–13.0 | 0.0–14.0 | 0.0–15.0 | 0.0–15.0 | |||
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |||
| SCOPA-AUT Total Score | |||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 9.5 (6.4) | 10.9 (6.8) | 11.8 (7.2) | 12.4 (7.3) | 13.2 (7.8) | 14.1 (8.3) | 9.5 (5.7) | 10.9 (5.6) | 11.1 (5.2) | 12.3 (6.5) | 12.2 (6.8) | 12.7 (7.7) | 0.293 | < 0.001 | 0.85 |
| Min–Max | 0.0–39.0 | 0.0–45.0 | 0.0–42.0 | 0.0–34.0 | 0.0–42.0 | 0.0–45.0 | 0.0–28.0 | 0.0–29.0 | 0.0–26.0 | 0.0–29.0 | 0.0–39.0 | 0.0–42.0 | |||
| Missing | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||
| STAI Total Score | |||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 64.0 (17.4) | 64.0 (17.3) | 64.7 (17.6) | 63.9 (17.2) | 65.0 (18.1) | 64.9 (18.2) | 67.8 (19.9) | 67.4 (21.0) | 65.8 (20.2) | 66.5 (21.2) | 64.3 (20.1) | 64.8 (21.5) | 0.069 | 0.617 | -0.09 |
| Min–Max | 40.0–120.0 | 40.0–117.0 | 40.0–129.0 | 40.0–129.0 | 40.0–112.0 | 40.0–150.0 | 40.0–137.0 | 40.0–142.0 | 40.0–132.0 | 40.0–135.0 | 40.0–142.0 | 40.0–138.0 | |||
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |||
| STAI Trait Subscore | |||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 31.5 (8.8) | 32.2 (8.9) | 32.3 (8.9) | 32.4 (9.1) | 32.7 (9.5) | 32.6 (9.5) | 34.0 (10.5) | 33.7 (11.0) | 33.2 (10.6) | 33.5 (11.0) | 32.5 (10.7) | 33.1 (11.7) | 0.073 | 0.356 | 0.09 |
| Min–Max | 20.0–60.0 | 20.0–58.0 | 20.0–59.0 | 20.0–63.0 | 20.0–58.0 | 20.0–75.0 | 20.0–63.0 | 20.0–73.0 | 20.0–66.0 | 20.0–64.0 | 20.0–69.0 | 20.0–68.0 | |||
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |||
| STAI State Subscore | |||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 32.5 (9.8) | 31.8 (9.2) | 32.4 (9.6) | 31.6 (9.0) | 32.3 (9.7) | 32.3 (9.6) | 33.8 (11.0) | 33.7 (11.3) | 32.6 (11.0) | 33.1 (11.6) | 31.6 (10.4) | 31.7 (10.9) | 0.084 | 0.059 | –0.21 |
| Min–Max | 20.0–64.0 | 20.0–63.0 | 20.0–70.0 | 20.0–66.0 | 20.0–63.0 | 20.0–75.0 | 20.0–76.0 | 20.0–77.0 | 20.0–76.0 | 20.0–71.0 | 17.0–73.0 | 20.0–70.0 | |||
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |||
| Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorder in Parkinson’s disease (QuIP) | |||||||||||||||
| No Disorder | 221 (80%) | 223 (86%) | 194 (78%) | 181 (76%) | 170 (75%) | 144 (69%) | 114 (79%) | 119 (88%) | 108 (83%) | 100 (79%) | 87 (76%) | 86 (83%) | 0.092 | 0.017 | 1.08 |
| Any Disorder | 56 (20%) | 36 (14%) | 54 (22%) | 58 (24%) | 58 (25%) | 64 (31%) | 31 (21%) | 17 (13%) | 22 (17%) | 27 (21%) | 28 (24%) | 18 (17%) | |||
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | |||
| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ) | |||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.3 (2.8) | 4.2 (2.8) | 4.7 (3.1) | 4.8 (3.1) | 5.1 (3.3) | 5.1 (3.3) | 3.8 (2.4) | 4.0 (2.7) | 4.3 (2.7) | 4.2 (2.8) | 4.3 (2.8) | 4.4 (2.9) | 0.334 | < 0.001 | 0.16 |
| Min–Max | 0.0–12.0 | 0.0–13.0 | 0.0–13.0 | 0.0–12.0 | 0.0–13.0 | 0.0–13.0 | 0.0–12.0 | 0.0–12.0 | 0.0–11.0 | 0.0–11.0 | 0.0–12.0 | 0.0–12.0 | |||
| Missing | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | |||
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale | |||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.9 (3.4) | 6.4 (4.0) | 7.2 (4.2) | 7.5 (4.3) | 7.9 (4.6) | 8.2 (4.6) | 5.5 (3.6) | 5.5 (3.9) | 5.8 (3.9) | 7.0 (4.9) | 6.6 (4.7) | 6.9 (4.9) | 0.192 | < 0.001 | 0.41 |
| Min–Max | 0.0–20.0 | 0.0–21.0 | 0.0–23.0 | 0.0–24.0 | 0.0–24.0 | 0.0–24.0 | 0.0–15.0 | 0.0–18.0 | 0.0–17.0 | 0.0–24.0 | 0.0–20.0 | 0.0–23.0 | |||
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
**If interaction is significant, we find time effect p-value for men and women separately. Otherwise, we provide time effect p-value without stratifying by sex. All models are also adjusted for Baseline BMI, Vascular Risk Factor Score (VRF) and Side Most Affected; Significance level for comparisons is p < 0.006 (after Bonferroni correction). MDS-UPDRS, Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; SCOPA-Aut, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic Dysfunction: STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory