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. 2022 Feb 14;29:12. doi: 10.1186/s12929-022-00796-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Biological mechanisms of obesity in cancer development and progression. Pathophysiological mechanisms regarding obesity effects upon cancer development and progression. The secretion of adipokines and release of free fatty acids by adipocytes induces several different systemic and cellular responses. The combination of metabolic alterations induced by the adipose tissue results in the activation of several signaling pathways responsible for cellular growth, proliferation, invasion, migration, inhibition of apoptosis, angiogenesis and induction of inflammation, all of which are hallmarks of cancer development