TABLE 2.

Multivariable-adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CIs) for CKD by low-risk sleep factors.

	% of 370,671 participants	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Population attributable risk,%
Sleep 7–8 h/day	68.4	0.83 (0.79, 0.88)*	0.84 (0.80, 0.89)*	0.88 (0.84, 0.93)*	4.8 (2.9 to 6.8)
Early chronotype	62.7	0.97 (0.92, 1.02)	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)	1.00 (0.94, 1.05)	0.2 (−1.7 to 2.1)
Never/rarely insomnia	24.6	0.88 (0.82, 0.94)*	0.88 (0.83, 0.94)*	0.91 (0.86, 0.97)*	8.5 (3.7 to 13.1)
No self-reported snoring	62.8	0.90 (0.85, 0.95)*	0.90 (0.86, 0.95)*	0.99 (0.94, 1.05)	0.4 (−1.7 to 2.5)
No frequent daytime sleepiness	76.5	0.80 (0.76, 0.85)*	0.82 (0.78, 0.87)*	0.87 (0.82, 0.91)*	1.1 (0.4 to 1.7)
Five healthy behaviors	6.2	0.70 (0.62, 0.80)*	0.71 (0.63, 0.81)*	0.79 (0.69, 0.90)*	17.1 (7.7 to 26.3)

Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity (White/others), education (university or college degree/others) and the Townsend index (continuous). *P < 0.05. Model 2 was further adjusted for smoking status (current, ever, never), drinking status (drinks, continuous variable), physical activity (at goal or not). Model 3 was adjusted for terms in model 2 and overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²), systolic blood pressure, diabetes (yes/no), use of blood pressure-lowering medications (yes/no) and use of diabetes medications (yes/no). Five sleep behaviors were included simultaneously in the model.