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. 2021 Sep 21;32(11):4770–4780. doi: 10.1109/TNNLS.2021.3111745

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Schematic of the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and its entry and replication process within the host cell. It has four structural proteins, S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid) proteins; the N protein holds the RNA genome, while the S, E, and M proteins together create the viral envelope [53]. 1— coronavirus enters the host cells by cleavage of its spike protein (S glycoprotein). 2—binds to ACE2 receptor with its spike protein. ACE2 receptor is primed by the TMPRSS2 protease. 3—coronavirus then fuses into the host membranes. 4—viral single-stranded positive RNA is released for replication of virus RNA. 5—translation of coronavirus polymerase. 6 and 7—transcriptions and replications of RNA occur. 8—translation of coronavirus structural protein. 9—nucleocapsid then combined with S, E, and M proteins. 10—formation of coronavirus is completed. 11—released to infect other cells.