Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of HIV/hepatitis B virus-coinfected persons in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (1995–2016).
| Characteristic | (n=8,354) |
|---|---|
| Age (n, %) | |
| Median (years, IQR) | 42.9 (36.2–49.2) |
| <40 years | 3,224 (38.6%) |
| 40–49 years | 3,204 (38.4%) |
| ≥50 years | 1,926 (23.1%) |
| Male sex (n, %) | 7,775 (93.1%) |
| Race (n, %) | |
| White | 3,973 (47.6%) |
| Black or African American | 3,421 (41.0%) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 126 (1.4%) |
| Multiracial, Other, Unknown | 834 (10.0%) |
| Hispanic (n, %) | 665 (8.4%) |
| Body mass index (n, %) | |
| Median (IQR) | 24.4 (22.0–27.3) |
| Underweight (<18.50 kg/m2) | 273 (3.6%) |
| Normal (18.50–24.99 kg/m2) | 4,041 (52.6%) |
| Overweight (25.00–29.99 kg/m2) | 2,435 (31.7%) |
| Obesity (≥30.00 kg/m2) | 929 (12.1%) |
| Missing | 676 (8.1%) |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 523 (6.3%) |
| Heavy alcohol use (n, %) | |
| Ever | 2,946 (35.3%) |
| Never | 5,207 (62.3%) |
| No data on alcohol use available | 201 (2.4%) |
| HIV transmission risk factors (n, %) | |
| Men who have sex with men | 3,939 (47.2%) |
| History of injection drug use | 1,806 (21.6%) |
| Receipt of blood transfusion, etc. | 31 (0.4%) |
| Heterosexual contact | 842 (10.1%) |
| Other | 151 (1.8%) |
| Unknown | 2,020 (24.2%) |
| Chronic hepatitis C virus infection (n, %) | 1,803 (21.6%) |
| HIV RNA (n, %) | |
| Median (log10 copies/mL, IQR) | 2.6 (1.7–4.1) |
| ≤500 copies/mL | 4,567 (54.7%) |
| >500 copies/mL | 3,787 (45.3%) |
| Absolute CD4+ cell count (n, %) | |
| Median (cells/mm3, IQR) | 354.0 (184.0–557.0) |
| ≥500 cells/mm3 | 2,626 (31.4%) |
| 200–499 cells/mm3 | 3,450 (41.3%) |
| <200 cells/mm3 | 2,278 (27.3%) |
| CD4+ cell percentage (n, %) | |
| Median (%, IQR) | 21.0 (12.2–30.0) |
| ≥28% | 2,539 (30.4%) |
| 14–27.99% | 3,454 (41.3%) |
| <14% | 2,361 (28.3%) |
| Platelet count (n, %) | |
| <150,000/μL | 1,584 (19.0%) |
| ≥150,000/μL | 6,285 (75.2%) |
| Not assessed at start of follow-up | 485 (5.8%) |
| HBV DNA | |
| Median HBV DNA (log10 IU/mL, IQR) | 2.0 (1.3–5.0) |
| Quantitative HBV DNA (initial assessment during observation; n, %) | 3,054 (36.6%) |
| ≤200 IU/mL | 1,688 (55.3%) |
| 201–2,000 IU/mL | 215 (7.0%) |
| >2,000 IU/mL | 1,151 (37.7%) |
| Assessed only for qualitative HBV DNA during observation (n, %) | 2,307 (27.6%) |
| Never assessed for quantitative or qualitative HBV DNA during observation (n, %) | 2,993 (35.8%) |
| HBV e antigen (n, %) | |
| Negative | 1,748 (20.9%) |
| Positive | 2,174 (26.0%) |
| Never tested before or during follow-up | 4,432 (53.1%) |
| On ART at start of follow-up (n, %) | 6,702 (80.2%) |
| Anti-HBV ART regimen at start of follow-up (n, %) * | |
| Lamivudine or emtricitabine alone | 3,997 (47.8%) |
| Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate alone | 142 (1.7%) |
| Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + (lamivudine or emtricitabine) | 2,230 (26.7%) |
| On ART, but no anti-HBV antiretroviral | 333 (4.0%) |
| Not on ART | 1,652 (19.8%) |
| Year of start of follow-up (n, %) | |
| 1995–2000 | 2,490 (29.8%) |
| 2001–2006 | 3,398 (40.7%) |
| 2007–2016 | 2,466 (29.5%) |
Abbreviations: ART=antiretroviral therapy; HBV=hepatitis B virus; HIV=human immunodeficiency virus; IQR=interquartile range; RNA=ribonucleic acid
Results represent initial ART regimen.
Age was measured as year of baseline - year of birth.
Sex, race/ethnicity, and history of injection drug use were collected at enrollment into the NA-ACCORD.
History of heavy alcohol use was defined as ever having reported while under observation in the NA-ACCORD: 1) inpatient or outpatient diagnosis of alcohol dependence/abuse, or 2) ≥3 drinks/day or ≥7 drinks/week for females; ≥4 drinks/day or ≥14 drinks/week for males on the self-reported Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption questionnaire.
HIV transmission risk factors were not mutually exclusive.
Diabetes mellitus was defined by: 1) hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%, 2) prescription of certain anti-diabetic medications, or 3) diabetes diagnosis plus prescription of certain anti-diabetic medications.
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection was defined by detectable HCV RNA or available HCV genotype recorded at any time during observation.
ART was measured as a combination of 3 antiretroviral agents from at least two classes or a triple nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimen.