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. 2022 Feb 8;54(1):524–540. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2031274

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — The figure explains about the different COVID-19 vaccine platforms, the immune response to the vaccine and the protective immune response during the post-vaccination infection. (A) Different COVID-19 vaccine platforms. a. DNA vaccine in which SARS-CoV-2 spike open reading frame (ORF) is cloned into a plasmid DNA which will be injected intramuscularly; b. Viral vector platforms in which, the spike protein ORF is cloned into adenovirus genome to form an infectious recombinant virus which will be injected intramuscularly; c. mRNA vaccine, in which SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA is chemically synthesized and enclosed with lipid nanoparticles then it is injected into human body; d. Protein vaccine in which total or subunit part of spike protein is mixed with specific adjuvant before being injected into human system; e. Inactivated virus vaccine whereby SARS-CoV-2 virus is chemically inactivated, mixed with specific adjuvant then injected intramuscularly. (B) Immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: Once in the human body, the different vaccine platforms will synthesize or deliver SARS-CoV-2 total or subunit spike protein which will induce specific memory immune response against SARS-CoV-2 virus. (C) SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization during post-vaccination infection. 1. If an infection occurs after vaccination, anti-SARS-COV-2 antibodies bind to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and inhibit its attachment to the host cell. 2. Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity: The anti-spike antibodies recognize the spike antigen on the infected cells. Four major immune effector cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and NK cells) will recognize the cell bounded antibodies and infected cells and the killing is achieved by cytolytic processes. 3. The memory T cells are quickly converted into cytotoxic T cells and eliminate the infected cells.