Table 2.

Multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by quartiles of toenail Cd concentrations: the CARDIA study

	Quartiles of toenail Cd concentrations				P for trend
	Q1 (lowest)	Q2	Q3	Q4 (highest)
Range (ppb)	< 4.40	4.40–8.30	8.30–18.70	≥ 18.7	–
No. of cases/participants	130/613	141/613	138/609	171/611	–
Model 1	1 (Ref.)	1.19 (0.90, 1.58)	1.07 (0.80, 1.42)	1.25 (0.94, 1.66)	0.23
Model 2	1 (Ref.)	1.18 (0.88, 1.58)	1.03 (0.77, 1.39)	1.26 (0.93, 1.71)	0.19
Model 3	1 (Ref.)	1.21 (0.87, 1.67)	1.05 (0.76, 1.47)	1.43 (1.02, 1.99)	0.04

All models were constructed by using logistic regression models. P for trend was examined by using the medians of toenail Cd quartiles

Model 1 was adjusted for age (continuous), sex (female or male), race (black or white), and study center

Model 2 was additionally adjusted for education through Y25 (< 12.0, 12.0–15.9, or ≥ 16.0, year), baseline smoking status (never, former, or current), cumulative average alcohol consumption through Y25 (0, 0.1–11.9, 12.0–23.9, or ≥ 24.0, mL/day), cumulative average physical activity through Y25 (quartiles), and baseline BMI (< 25.0, 25.0–29.9, or ≥ 30.0, kg/m²)

Model 3 was additionally adjusted for baseline levels of HDL-cholesterol and insulin (continuous) based on stepwise model selection

BMI Body mass index, CARDIA coronary artery risk development in young adults, CI confidence interva, OR odds ratio, Q quartile, Ref. reference, Y CARDIA exam year