Table 3.
Associations [ORs (95% CI)] between toenail Cd concentrations and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) stratified by pre-specified factors: the CARDIA study
| No. of cases/participants | Cd [mean (SD)] | Quartiles of toenail Cd concentrations | P for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 (highest) | ||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 259/1,409 | 27.13 (96.66) | 1 (Ref.) | 1.06 (0.66, 1.70) | 0.78 (0.47, 1.28) | 1.19 (0.73, 1.94) | 0.29 |
| Male | 321/1,037 | 26.15 (138.19) | 1 (Ref.) | 1.32 (0.83, 2.08) | 1.37 (0.87, 2.16) | 1.68 (1.05, 2.68) | 0.07 |
| P for interaction | – | – | 0.98 | ||||
| Race | |||||||
| Black | 261/1,159 | 29.30 (105.48) | 1 (Ref.) | 1.46 (0.86, 2.48) | 1.20 (0.71, 2.01) | 1.88 (1.11, 3.17) | 0.03 |
| White | 319/1,287 | 24.38 (124.84) | 1 (Ref.) | 1.11 (0.72, 1.70) | 1.10 (0.70, 1.72) | 1.17 (0.74, 1.83) | 0.60 |
| P for interaction | – | – | 0.11 | ||||
| BMI at Y2 | |||||||
| < 25 kg/m2 | 200/1,413 | 29.20 (147.07) | 1 (Ref.) | 1.38 (0.84, 2.27) | 1.05 (0.63, 1.76) | 1.46 (0.88, 2.42) | 0.23 |
| ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 380/1,033 | 23.31 (48.02) | 1 (Ref.) | 1.19 (0.77, 1.83) | 1.12 (0.73, 1.74) | 1.42 (0.90, 2.23) | 0.15 |
| P for interaction | – | – | 0.73 | ||||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never-smoker | 334/1,517 | 26.04 (94.69) | 1 (Ref.) | 1.22 (0.79, 1.87) | 1.34 (0.88, 2.07) | 1.72 (1.10, 2.69) | 0.02 |
| Ever-smoker | 246/929 | 27.82 (144.39) | 1 (Ref.) | 1.24 (0.74, 2.09) | 0.74 (0.43, 1.26) | 1.12 (0.67, 1.88) | 0.64 |
| P for interaction | – | – | 0.34 | ||||
All models were constructed using logistic regression models with the adjustment for covariates in model 3, Table 2. P for trend was examined by using the median of each toenail Cd quartile
BMI Body mass index, CARDIA coronary artery risk development in young adults, Cd cadmium, CI confidence interval, Q quartile, Ref. reference, SD standard deviation, Y CARDIA exam year