Table 1a.

Summary of Studies Investigating Female Condom (FC) Use among Nigerian Women

Study No.	Authors/ Year	Study Design	sample size	Study Duration	Outcome Assessment	Results
1	Uchendu, O. C., Adeyera, O., & Owoaje, E. T. (2019)	Cross sectional study	964 674-M 290-F	Not specified	Awareness and utilization of FC predictors of FC awareness and utilization.	Almost half 47.9% of the respondents have heard about the FC however only 16.8% have ever seen one while 4.3% have ever used an FC. Age, education, current sexual activity and experience of rape attempt were predictors of FC awareness.
2	Adinma, J., Adinma, E., Eke, N., & Umeononihu, O. (2016).	Cross sectional study	276 168-M 108-M	Not specified	Awareness and use FC; reasons for nonuse of FC; indication for FC use; awareness of functions of FC knowledge of the pitfalls of FC; and source of information of FC.	About 62.3% were aware of FC. 5.1% respondents have ever used the FC. Reason for non–use of FC were religious belief 3.3%, not knowing how to use FC 20.5% and preference for other methods of contraception. 7.7%. Lack of money was the reason for nonuse by 5.1% respondents. Many of the respondents 50.5% used FC when afraid of STI or pregnancy. However, few others used it only during sex with a non-regular partner 22.1%) and only when requested by partner 12.6%.
3	Usman, S. O., Kalejaye, O. O., Isola, I. N., Oluwaniyi, O., Ojogbede, A. K., & Adu, A. S. (2016)	Cross sectional study	1500		FC use, reasons for use and source of information.	FC use is 2.9% some of the respondents believe that contraception prevents unwanted pregnancy 62.0% and limits family size 58.9%. Their source of information was mainly through health personnel in the government-owned hospitals (50.1%).
4	Ajayi, A. I., Adeniyi, O. V., & Akpan, W. (2018).	Cross sectional study	809	May- Sept 2016	Knowledge of contraception, use of contraception and reasons for non-use of contraception.	FC Awareness -93.1%, ever use-0.2% out of 645 currently using 0.2% out of 538. Reasons for non-use of FC are fear of side effects and non-availability.
5	Ijarotimi, A. O., Bakare, B., Badejoko, O. O., Fehintola, A. O., Loto, O. M., Orji, E. O., & Adegoke, A. S. (2017).	Retrospective -survey	1862	2004–2009	FC use	FC use was 0.8%.
6	Ikeako, L., Ezegwui, H., Mba, S., Iyioke, C., & Okeke, T. (2015).	Cross sectional study	313	24th November 2014 and December 15th 2014.	Knowledge of FC, use of FC,	FC awareness was 76.7% and 15.9% had used it, with most acquiring information about the device from their friends 43.8%, media 40.4%, health workers 23.3% and sex partners 7.5%. 12% used it to prevent pregnancy only, 20% used it to prevent sexually transmitted infections only while 38% used it to prevent both unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. About 28% used female condoms just to try it. Reasons cited for non-use are decreased satisfaction 30% and pain during sexual intercourse 30%. Others experienced difficulty in inserting female condoms into the vagina 28%, noise during sexual intercourse, 12% and failure leading to pregnancy 2%. 54% of male partners strongly approved of it, while 14% strongly disapproved.
7	Nwaokoro, J., Ede, A., Ibe Sally, N., Emerole, C., Nwuto, R., Nwaokoro, A., & Igwe, I. (2015).	Cross-sectional study	210	Not specified	Knowledge of FC, knowledge of how to use of FC, source of FC knowledge.	Awareness of FC was 61.4%, while 25.2 % said they knew how to use the FC. The students that reported that they use FC in every sexual intercourse were 3.4% it. In all, 23.6% were aware of the FC from the radio, 10.6% from television, 5.7% from books, and 6.5% from school. The largest source was from friends (53.7%). The most quoted reasons for use of FC was to protect against HIV/AIDS.
8	Ezugwu, E. C., Nkwo, P. O., Agu, P. U., Ugwu, E. O., & Asogwa, A. O. (2014).	cross-sectional study	400	March 1 to August 31, 2012	FC use and reasons for non-use.	Sixty-two participants (25.1%) used a dual-contraceptive method. None of the participants reported the use of FC. The non-use of FC observed in the present study might be due to the scarcity and in some places the non-availability, of the female condom in most health facilities in South-Eastern Nigeria.
9	Onoriode Ezire, Obi Oluigbo, Victoria Archibong, Okekearu Ifeanyi and Jennifer Anyanti (2013)	Qualitative study	78	Not specified	FC use and reasons for FC use.	FC users are 58 out of 78. Reasons for the use of FC were curiosity, to prevent unplanned pregnancy. FC provided the opportunity to meet the sexual needs of the partner irrespective of the woman's is menstrual cycle.
10	Tobin-West, C. I., Maduka, O., Onyekwere, V. N., & Tella, A. O. (2014).	cross-sectional study	900-- 427 (52.7%) females and 383 (47.3%) males;	October to November 2011	Knowledge, access, acceptability and use of FC, sources of information on FC.	Although 89.3% were aware of FC, only 8.9% had ever used one due to unavailability, high cost, and difficulty with its insertion. Nevertheless, 53.8% of the students expressed willingness to use them if offered, while 69.4% would recommend it to friends/peers. Information on FC were gotten from the media, health facilities, friends', peers and relations.
11	Asekun-Olarinmoye, E., Adebimpe, W., Bamidele, J., Odu, O., Asekun- Olarinmoye, I., & Ojofeitimi, E. (2013).	cross-sectional study	359	Not specified	Respondents' awareness and reasons for use of FC and male partners' consent.	FC awareness was 65.5% aware of FC. Among the most common cited reasons for use of FC were child spacing (63.5%) and prevention of unwanted pregnancies (59.9%). 3.6% of the male partners disapproved of it.
12	Salawu, M., & Adeyemi, A. (2013).	Retrospective -survey	5360	2007 National HIV/AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey (NARHS)	Knowledge of FC, use of FC, reasons for use and non-use, predictors of use of FC.	The women that have heard of FC were 12.6% and 5.7% knew where to get them. However, only 0.4% had ever used the female condom. Reasons for non-use were: it slipped out 0.2%, made noise 0.1% dislike 0.1%. The predictors of use of FC were age at first sexual intercourse.
13	Oladeinde, B. H., Omoregie, R., & Abdulfatai, A. (2011).	cross-sectional study	435 (261) (174)	Not specified	Knowledge and use of FC, reasons for use or not use and sources of knowledge.	Awareness of the FC was significantly higher among female undergraduate students (FUGS) (93.7%) than rural resident women (RRW) (5.2%. No significant difference was observed in level of use of the FC between FUGS (1.9%) and RRWM (0%). Reasons for non-use are unavailable 5.7%, ashamed to buy product 4.8%, belief forbids its use 1. %, partners disapproves 4.7%. While the reasons for use are to prevent pregnancy 88.6% in FUGS and 55.5% in RRW, tO Prevent HIV transmission 100% in FUGS and 33.3% in RRW, to prevents STIs 75.1% in FUGS and 11.1% in RRW. Sources of knowledge includes Internet 42.0%, media 86.9% and friends 15.1%.
14	Olugbenga-Bello, A. I., Adekanle, D. A., Ojofeitimi, E. Ï., & Adeomi, A. A. (2010).	cross-sectional study	201	Not specified	Knowledge, use, reasons for use and no use of barrier contraception (B C)	Knowledge of FC 87.4% used the FC 0.6%. Reasons for use are to prevent STI and unwanted pregnancy. Reasons for not were religion, uncertainty about safety, culture, decreased sexual pleasure, and belief.
15	Abalaka G. (2008)	cross-sectional survey	392	Not specified	Awareness, knowledge, usage and reasons for use and non-use of FC. Sources of information on FC.	Less than half 40.6% and 27.8% had ever heard of and seen female condom respectively. Only 4.3% of those had ever used it. Seventyone percent of those who had ever used female condom intended to continue, while 29.4% were unsure. Reasons for use are to prevent unwanted pregnancy (80%) and prevention of STls (28.4%). While reason for non-uses includes the fear of FC dropping into woman's body leading to death (29.7%), its oily nature (23.9%), the balloon-like look (23.9%) and inhibiting natural sexual feeling (14.2%). Information on FC were from health facilities (41.3%), media at 32.3%, 24.5% respondents heard about FC from their neighbours, while 15.5% from academic institution.
16	kunlola, M., Morhason-Bello, I., Owonikoko, K., & Adekunle, A. (2006).	cross-sectional survey	850	Not specified	Knowledge and use the FC, factors affecting the use, sources of information on FC and male partner's consent.	Over 80% had knowledge of the FC as a form of contraception and the majority of them learnt about it through the mass media (39.9%) and health workers (34.4%). However, only 11.3% had ever used the female condom. The majority (42.7%) of the sexual partners of female condom users approved of it; however, 39.6% of sexual partners disapproved while 17.7% were indifferent. Most (40%) using it to prevent both unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections including HIV (STI/HIV); 27.1% to prevent pregnancy alone and 19.8% to prevent STI including HIV only, while 12.5% used it on a trial basis. Reasons for not use: lack of sexual satisfaction (30.2%). Other problems encountered included difficulty in inserting it into the vagina (21.7%), pain during sexual intercourse (5.2%) and method failure resulting in pregnancy in two (2.8%) of the respondents
17	Adeyemi, A. S., & Adekanle, D. A. (2009).	retrospective review	1355	January 2001 and December 2006	FC use, reasons for use and sources of information on FC.	FC use was 0.2%. Reasons for use of FC 37.8% to prevent further pregnancy, 56.9% for child spacing and 5.6% not sure, if they want kids again. Sources of information on FC were family planning clinic personnel 76.7%, media (print ad electronic) 11.2%, friends and relatives 9.4% and community health workers 2.7%.

Abbreviations: FC = female condom