. 2021 Nov 18;4(2):168–176. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11366

Table 3.

Association of biomarkers with active antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis

Marker ¹	Mixed models ²		Mixed models, with treatment covariates				Cox, marker concentration		Cox, change in concentration		Conditional logistic regression
Marker ¹	β	P	β	P	P (GC)	P (B)	HR	P	HR	P	OR	P
ACE	−0.09	0.19	−0.07	0.36	0.5	0.02	0.87	0.44	0.95	0.75	0.71	0.28
CXCL13/BCA‐1	0.35	0.0006	0.18	0.10	0.0001	0.12	1.33	0.01	1.38	0.14	1.96	0.01
CRP	0.64	<0.0001	0.63	0.0002	0.47	0.21	1.10	0.37	1.12	0.48	1.90	0.0005
ESR	0.46	<0.0001	0.46	<0.0001	0.41	0.10	1.66	0.003	1.28	0.29	3.01	0.0006
G‐CSF	0.20	0.13	0.12	0.42	0.06	0.31	1.15	0.11	1.23	0.16	1.45	0.13
GM‐CSF	0.14	0.28	0.11	0.46	0.44	0.95	1.81	0.06	0.86	0.69	1.19	0.35
IFNγ	0.02	0.79	−0.15	0.11	0.01	0.001	3.66	0.06	3.58	0.18	1.11	0.76
IL‐6	0.80	<0.0001	0.57	0.001	0.65	0.0005	2.13	0.02	1.28	0.35	2.03	0.0001
IL‐8	0.46	0.008	0.37	0.06	0.34	0.68	1.21	0.09	1.44	0.009	1.38	0.02
IL‐15	0.24	0.02	0.18	0.11	0.13	0.01	1.09	0.29	1.85	0.0006	1.73	0.04
IL‐18	0.001	0.99	0.07	0.61	0.32	0.02	1.16	0.17	1.57	0.04	0.94	0.83
IL‐18BP	0.33	0.0007	0.16	0.11	0.15	0.84	1.06	0.49	1.57	0.007	2.11	0.01
CXCL10/IP‐10	0.11	0.17	0.14	0.14	0.15	0.99	1.11	0.44	1.70	0.02	1.47	0.21
MMP‐3	0.33	0.005	0.13	0.28	<0.0001	1.0	1.26	0.10	1.34	0.05	1.71	0.02
NGAL	0.19	0.05	0.20	0.06	0.09	0.96	1.17	0.42	1.29	0.21	1.98	0.03
Osteopontin	0.08	0.39	0.18	0.08	0.03	0.12	1.24	0.23	1.49	0.07	1.35	0.32
PAI‐1	0.14	0.10	0.13	0.19	0.69	0.89	1.29	0.09	1.08	0.71	1.52	0.20
PDGF‐AB	0.08	0.41	0.06	0.56	0.38	0.57	1.09	0.53	1.10	0.65	1.32	0.40
CCL5/RANTES	0.02	0.77	0.08	0.34	0.76	0.30	1.19	0.33	1.23	0.36	1.14	0.74
sICAM‐1	0.02	0.73	0.08	0.33	0.99	0.03	1.08	0.68	1.27	0.15	1.07	0.84
sIL‐2Rα	0.45	0.001	0.28	0.08	0.99	0.03	0.75	0.35	1.34	0.40	1.55	0.03
sIL6R	0.05	0.49	0.06	0.41	0.65	0.60	0.94	0.73	1.27	0.13	1.35	0.57
sTNFR2	0.04	0.39	0.10	0.07	0.04	0.16	0.96	0.78	2.38	0.005	1.88	0.33
TIMP‐1	0.06	0.36	0.07	0.32	0.18	0.36	1.35	0.13	1.30	0.19	1.50	0.48

^¹

All marker values were ln‐transformed for mixed models, conditional logistic regression, and most Cox models. Four markers (GM‐CSF, IFNγ, IL‐6, and sIL‐2Rα) were treated as dichotomous variables in the Cox model (see “Patients and Methods”).

^²

In mixed models using ln‐transformed variables, the fold‐difference associated with active disease is 2.72 × β‐coefficient.

In mixed models, marker concentration is the dependent variable, and disease activity (active or remission), treatment with prednisone (yes/no), and B cell status (depleted, re‐detected, or reconstituted) are the independent variables. In Cox models and conditional logistic regression, disease activity (active or remission) is the dependent variable, and marker concentrations are the independent variables.

Abbreviations: Cox, Cox proportional hazards regression; CRP, C‐reactive protein; GC, glucocorticoid use at the time of sample collection (yes/no); B, B cells (depleted, detectable, or reconstituted), only in the rituximab‐treated group; HR, hazard ratio; MMP‐3, matrix metalloproteinase‐3; OR, odds ratio; TIMP‐1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1.