Table 1.
Baseline characteristics overall and according to discharge vital status (raw data only), and univariate logistic regression (with imputed data) for predictors of in-hospital mortality
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 466) | By vital status |
Univariate |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discharged alive (n = 418) | In-hospital death (n = 48) | P-value | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P-value | ||
| Age (years) | 60 ± 16 | 59 ± 16 | 68 ± 12 | <0.001 | 1.05 | 1.02–1.07 | <0.001 |
| Age ≥70 years | 141 (30) | 117 (28) | 24 (50) | 0.003 | 2.57 | 1.41–4.71 | 0.003 |
| Female sex | 229 (49) | 205 (49) | 24 (50) | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.57–1.89 | 0.90 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25 ± 5 | 25 ± 5 | 26 ± 6 | 0.66 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.07 | 0.60 |
| Hypertension | 190 (41) | 166 (40) | 24 (50) | 0.22 | 1.52 | 0.83–2.76 | 0.18 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 62 (13) | 56 (13) | 6 (13) | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.38–2.27 | 0.90 |
| Chronic lung disease | 51 (11) | 43 (10) | 8 (17) | 0.27 | 1.74 | 0.77–3.97 | 0.20 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 16 (3) | 14 (3) | 2 (4) | 0.68 | 1.25 | 0.28–5.69 | 0.73 |
| Prior stroke | 41 (9) | 38 (9) | 3 (6) | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.20–2.25 | 0.55 |
| Prior left-sided heart valve surgery | 111 (24) | 95 (23) | 16 (33) | 0.15 | 1.70 | 0.89–3.23 | 0.11 |
| Coronary artery disease | 59 (13) | 50 (12) | 9 (19) | 0.27 | 1.70 | 0.78–3.72 | 0.20 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 154 (33) | 134 (32) | 20 (42) | 0.24 | 1.51 | 0.82–2.78 | 0.19 |
| Permanent pacemaker | 104 (22) | 88 (21) | 16 (33) | 0.08 | 1.88 | 0.98–3.57 | 0.06 |
| Hospitalization for congestive heart failure (<1 year) | 163 (35) | 138 (33) | 25 (52) | 0.01 | 2.21 | 1.21–4.03 | 0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125 ± 19 | 125 ± 20 | 122 ± 17 | 0.44 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.42 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73 ± 13 | 73 ± 13 | 70 ± 14 | 0.21 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.00 | 0.11 |
| NYHA functional Class III–IV | 217 (47) | 184 (44) | 33 (69) | 0.002 | 2.80 | 1.48–5.31 | 0.001 |
| Right-sided heart failure signs | 264 (57) | 223 (53) | 41 (85) | <0.001 | 5.12 | 2.25–11.7 | <0.001 |
| Ascites | 39 (8) | 29 (7) | 10 (21) | 0.003 | 3.53 | 1.60–7.79 | 0.004 |
| Loop diuretics | 301/451 (67) | 260/404 (64) | 41/47 (87) | 0.003 | 3.68 | 1.53–8.86 | 0.001 |
| Daily dose of furosemide (mg) | 40 (0–80) | 40 (0–80) | 80 (40–250) | 0.008 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | <0.0 01 |
| Daily dose of furosemide ≥125 mg | 67 (15) | 48 (12) | 19 (40) | <0.001 | 5.05 | 2.63–9.69 | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 181 (39) | 154 (37) | 27 (56) | 0.01 | 2.20 | 1.20–4.03 | 0.01 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.3 ± 2.3 | 12.3 ± 2.3 | 11.9 ± 1.8 | 0.13 | 0.91 | 0.80–1.05 | 0.19 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min) | 72 ± 39 | 73 ± 40 | 58 ± 30 | 0.003 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 0.008 |
| Glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min | 32/442 (7) | 24/398 (6) | 8/44 (18) | 0.003 | 3.28 | 1.38–7.79 | <0.001 |
| Elevated ALT and/or AST | 73/393 (19) | 62/355 (18) | 11/38 (29) | 0.13 | 1.88 | 0.95–3.73 | 0.08 |
| Elevated GGT and/or ALP | 189/397 (48) | 164/359 (46) | 25/38 (66) | 0.03 | 2.59 | 1.38–4.87 | 0.003 |
| Elevated total bilirubin | 143/389 (37) | 119/352 (34) | 24/37 (65) | <0.001 | 3.78 | 2.03–7.02 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 58 ± 9 | 58 ± 9 | 54 ± 9 | 0.009 | 0.96 | 0.93–0.99 | 0.005 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction <60% | 199/452 (44) | 169/404 (42) | 30 (63) | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.19–0.79 | 0.006 |
| Moderate/severe right ventricular dilatation | 245/450 (54) | 212/402 (53) | 33 (69) | 0.05 | 2.08 | 1.10–3.94 | 0.02 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 20 ± 7 | 20 ± 7 | 17 ± 6 | 0.004 | 0.90 | 0.85–0.95 | <0.001 |
| Peak systolic annular velocity S′ (cm/s) | 11.9 ± 4.1 | 12.1 ± 4.1 | 10.7 ± 3.3 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 0.74–0.92 | 0.001 |
| Moderate/severe right ventricular dysfunction | 76/446 (17) | 60/398 (15) | 16 (33) | 0.003 | 2.98 | 1.54–5.77 | 0.002 |
| Tricuspid annulus diameter (mm) | 44 ± 9 | 44 ± 8 | 46 ± 8 | 0.30 | 1.04 | 1.00–1.08 | 0.07 |
| Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (mmHg) | 40 ± 11 | 40 ± 11 | 45 ± 10 | 0.01 | 1.05 | 1.02–1.09 | 0.001 |
| Systolic pulmonary artery pressure ≥50 mmHg | 52/274 (19) | 42/247 (17) | 10/27 (37) | 0.02 | 1.93 | 0.80–4.63 | 0.16 |
| Functional aetiology of the tricuspid regurgitation | 229 (49) | 196 (47) | 33 (69) | 0.007 | 2.49 | 1.31–4.73 | 0.004 |
| Logistic EuroSCORE | 5.2 (3.0–9.2) | 5 (2.8–8.6) | 7.6 (4.4–15.9) | 0.01 | 1.05 | 1.02–1.08 | 0.002 |
| EuroSCORE II | 2.7 (1.4–5.0) | 2.5 (1.3–5) | 3.7 (2.5–6.7) | 0.09 | 1.03 | 0.98–1.08 | 0.21 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 3 (1–4) | 3 (1–4) | 4 (3–6) | <0.001 | 1.29 | 1.14–1.45 | <0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index ≥2 | 324 (70) | 281 (67) | 43 (90) | 0.003 | 4.19 | 1.62–10.8 | 0.001 |
| Urgent surgery | 102 (22) | 93 (22) | 9 (19) | 0.71 | 0.81 | 0.38–1.73 | 0.60 |
| Beating heart | 98 (25) | 84 (23) | 14 (37) | 0.10 | 1.57 | 0.81–3.05 | 0.20 |
| Tricuspid valve replacement | 273 (59) | 240 (57) | 33 (69) | 0.18 | 1.63 | 0.86–3.10 | 0.13 |
| Major post-operative complications | 145 (31) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mortality at 1 year | 55 (12) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Values are mean ± standard deviation, n (%), or median (interquartile range); bolded results are statistically significant at the P-value <0.05 level.
ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; NYHA, New York Heart Association; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.