Table 1.

Comparison of MSC functions from different tissue sources.

English abbreviations	MSC source	Functional characteristics	References
BM-MSC	The bone marrow	Higher ability to differentiate into chondrocytes. The secretion group is rich in MFGE8; higher expression of TGF-β1, PGE2, and IL-6 than AD-MSC.	20,23,27
AD-MSC	The adipose tissue	The proliferation rate is higher than BM-MSC. Higher ability to differentiate into adipocytes. Immunosuppression is stronger than that of BM-MSC. The immunogenicity is lower than that of BM-MSC, and the expressions of VEGF, HGF, Nestin and neurotrophic factor are higher.	17,20,23
WJ-MSC	Wharton's jelly of umbilical cord	Compared with BM-MSC and AD-MSC, the proliferation potential and growth rate are higher, more passage potential in vitro, and the mitogen-induced T cell response is inhibited to a greater extent.	18,25
UC-MSC	Human umbilical cord	Wider differentiation potential. Lower immunogenicity. The secreted group is rich in MFGE8, and does not express the tumor-related fibroblast phenotype. It has stronger angiogenic capacity than BM-MSC and AD-MSC, and higher expression of PGE2 and IL-6 than AD-MSC.	7,17,23,26,27
	Human embryo	Low immunogenicity. Not involved in proliferation. The secreted group do not contain MFGE8.	17,27
hAF-MSC	Human Amniotic fluid	Higher proliferation rate than MSC from adult source. The ability to differentiate more widely than that of an adult-derived MSC. Compared with MSC separated from dermal, it shares stem related miRNAs, but is significantly different from fat-forming miRNAs.	7,17
	The placenta	Less fat-forming potential. Good migration ability.	7
SHED	Human exfoliated deciduous teeth	Higher proliferation capacity than BM-MSC. Secretion group is rich in MFGE8.	17,27