Table 1.
General characteristics of the whole population studied (1978-2015), and divided into 2 groups according to time periods (1978-1999 and 2000-2015)
| Variable | 1978–2015 | 1978–1999 | 2000–2015 | P (≠ in the 2 periods) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 653 (100) | 452 (69.2) | 201(30.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Male sex | 420 (64.3) | 289 (63.9) | 131 (65.1) | 0.7610 |
| Age, y | 41.3 ± 19.2 | 37.5 ± 18.6 | 49.7 ± 17.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Hospital length of stay, d | 48.3 ± 51.1 | 41.4 ± 57.1 | 61.2 ± 69.7 | 0.6390 |
| Δt surgery,∗ d | 18.4 ± 21.0 | 15.2 ± 18.6 | 23.8 ± 23.3 | 0.0060 |
| Mode of acquisition | ||||
| Community-acquired | 443 (67.8) | 314 (69.4) | 129 (64.1) | 0.1816 |
| Nosocomial | 113 (17.3) | 43 (17.0) | 70 (34.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Undetermined | 97 (14.8) | 95 (21.0) | 2 (1.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | 189 (28.9) | 108 (23.8) | 81 (40.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 49 (7.5) | 22 (4.8) | 27 (13.0) | < 0.0001 |
| DRF | 53 (8.1) | 15 (3.3) | 38 (18.9) | < 0.0001 |
| HIV | 23 (3.5) | 16 (3.5) | 7 (3.4) | 0.9710 |
| Predisposing heart disease | 348 (53.2) | 237 (52.4) | 111 (55.2) | 0.5090 |
| Congenital heart disease | 134 (20.5) | 98 (21.6) | 36 (17.9) | 0.2710 |
| Rheumatic valve disease | 52 (7.9) | 31 (12.3) | 21 (10.4) | 0.1180 |
| Clinical presentation | ||||
| Fever | 561 (85.9) | 404 (89.3) | 157 (78.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Cardiac murmur | 544 (83.3) | 389 (86.0) | 155 (77.1) | 0.0050 |
| Peripheral stigmata | 188 (28.7) | 144 (31.8) | 44 (21.8) | 0.0090 |
| Blood cultures | ||||
| Positive | 361 (55.2) | 226 (50.0) | 135 (67.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Negative | 260 (39.8) | 197 (43.5) | 63 (31.3) | 0.0032 |
| Unconclusive | 32 (5.3) | 29 (6.4) | 3 (1.5) | 0.0071 |
| Microorganisms | ||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 114 (17.4) | 80 (17.6) | 34 (16.9) | 0.8076 |
| Streptococcus viridans | 99 (15.1) | 70 (15.4) | 29 (14.4) | 0.7277 |
| Enterococcus faecalis | 39 (5.9) | 15 (3.3) | 24 (11.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Streptococcus gallolyticus | 20 (3.0) | 12 (2.6) | 8 (4.0) | 0.3643 |
| Others | 90 (13.7) | 50 (11.0) | 40 (19.9) | 0.0025 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| Valve regurgitation ≥ moderate | 356 (54.5) | 239 (52.8) | 117 (58.2) | 0.2070 |
| Vegetation on the 1st TTE | 452 (69.2) | 302 (66.8) | 150 (74.6) | 0.0460 |
| Endocarditis site | ||||
| Mitral valve | 271 (41.5) | 186 (41.1) | 85 (42.2) | 0.7853 |
| Aortic valve | 148 (22.6) | 110 (24.3) | 38 (18.9) | 0.1260 |
| Tricuspid valve | 60 (9.1) | 48 (10.6) | 12 (5.9) | 0.0576 |
| Prosthesis | 75 (11.4) | 31 (6.8) | 44 (21.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Intravascular device | 6 0.9) | 1 (0.2) | 5 (2.4) | 0.0051 |
| More than 1 valve | 97 (14.8) | 54 (11.9) | 43 (21.3) | 0.0020 |
| IE diagnosis based on Duke criteria | ||||
| Definite | 449 (68.7) | 293 (64.8) | 156 (77.3) | 0.0013 |
| Possible | 204 (31.2) | 159 (35.1) | 45 (22.3) | 0.0013 |
Values are n (%) or mean (± SD), unless otherwise indicated.
DRF, dialysis-dependent renal failure; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.
∗
Δt surgery: time elapsed from admission to surgery.