Table 3.
Primary and secondary outcomes.
|
Within group differences: mean ± SD (95% CI) |
Between group differences: mean ± SD (95%CI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active group (n = 12) Mean ± SD (95%CI) | Placebo group (n = 14) Mean ± SD (95%CI) | Control group (n = 13) Mean ± SD (95%CI) | Active - Placebo | Active - Control | Placebo - Control | |
| Primary outcome | ||||||
| MVIC (peak torque/body weight) | ||||||
| Baseline | 318.0 ± 59.2 | 316.8 ± 59.5 | 312.5 ± 59.2 | -2.5 ± 21.8 (-45.2, 40.2) |
-18,5 ± 22.6 (-61.9, 24.9) |
-16.0 ± 21.3 (-57.8, 25.8) |
| At 6 wks | 333.0 ± 75.0 | 334.3 ± 75.0 | 346.1 ± 75.0 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | 15.0 ± 55.4 (-17.4, 47.4) |
17.5 ± 55.4 (-12.5, 47.5) |
33.5 ± 55.3 (2.4, 64.7) |
|||
| Secondary outcomes (functional) | ||||||
| 1 RM (kg) | ||||||
| Baseline | 69.0 ± 14.9 | 64.3 ± 16.4 | 71.8 ± 14.9 | 3.7 ± 3.4 (-3.0, 10.4) |
1.7 ± 3.5 (-5.1, 8.5) |
-2.0 ± 3.4 (-8.6, 4.6) |
| At 6 wks | 71.9 ± 16.4 | 63.5 ± 14.9 | 73.00 ± 16.4 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | 2.9 ± 8.7 (-2.2, 8.0) |
-0.8 ± 8.7 (-5.5, 3.9) |
1.2 ± 8.7 (-3.7, 6.1) |
|||
| Load lifted at 1m/s | ||||||
| Baseline | 32.2 ± 13.5 | 30.3 ± 13.5 | 30.2 ± 13.5 | -2.1 ± 5.1 (-12.1, 7.9) |
-7.7 ± 5.2 (-17.8, 2.5) |
-5.6 ± 4.9 (-15.3, 4.2) |
| At 6 wks | 29.1 ± 14.6 | 29.3 ± 14.6 | 34.7 ± 14.6 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | -3.1 ± 12.9 (-10.75, 4.5) |
-1.0 ± 12.9 (-8.0, 6.0) |
4.6 ± 12.9 (-2.7, 11.9) |
|||
| Squat jump (cm) | ||||||
| Baseline | 32.0 ± 5.5 | 29.5 ± 5.5 | 30.8 ± 5.5 | -2.7 ± 1.1 (-4.84, -0.51) |
-1.8 ± 1.1 (-3.9, 0.4) |
0.9 ± 1.1 (-1.2, 2.9) |
| At 6 wks | 32.1 ± 5.3 | 32.3 ± 5.3 | 32.7 ± 5.3 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | 0.1 ± 2.8 (-1.5, 1.8) |
2.8 ± 2.8 (1.3, 4.3) |
1.9 ± 2.8 (0.3, 3.5) |
|||
| Sprint 10 m (s) | ||||||
| Baseline | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | -0.0 ± 0.0 (-0.0, 0.0) |
-0.0 ± 0.0 (-0.0, 0.0) |
-0.0 ± 0.0 (-0.0, 0.0) |
| At 6 wks | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | -0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.0, 0.0) |
-0.0 ± 0.0 (-0.0, 0.0) |
0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.0, 0.0) |
|||
| Sprint 20 m (s) | ||||||
| Baseline | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | -0.0 ± 0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) |
0.0 ± 0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) |
0.0 ± 0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) |
| At 6 wks | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | 0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.1, 0.1) |
0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.1, 0.1) |
-0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.1, 0.1) |
|||
| Sprint 30 m (s) | ||||||
| Baseline | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | -0.0 ± 0.0 (-0.1, -0.0) |
-0.0 ± 0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) |
0.0 ± 0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) |
| At 6 wks | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | -0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.1, 0.0) |
0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.1, 0.1) |
-0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.1, 0.1) |
|||
| Secondary outcomes (clinical) | ||||||
| Muscle soreness | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.4 (-0.7, 0.9) |
-0.1 ± 0.4 (-0.9, 0.7) |
-0.2 ± 0.4 (-0.9, 0.6) |
| At 6 wks | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.4 ± 0.9 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | 0.2 ± 1.0 (-0.4, 0.8) |
0.1 ± 1.0 (-0.5, 0.6) |
0.2 ± 1.0 (-0.3, 0.8) |
|||
| Pain threshold (kgf) | ||||||
| Baseline | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | -0.0 ± 0.2 (-0.4, 0.3) |
0.1 ± 0.2 (-0.3, 0.4) |
0.1 ± 0.2 (-0.2, 0.4) |
| At 6 wks | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | 0.0 ± 0.4 (-0.3, 0.2) |
0.1 ± 0.4 (-0.2, 0.3) |
-0.0 ± 0.4 (-0.3, 0.2) |
|||
| Physically ready* | ||||||
| Baseline | 8.5 ± 1.7 | 7.9 ± 1.7 | 8.4 ± 1.7 | 0.2 ± 0.9 (-1.6, 1.9) |
0.2 ± 0.9 (-1.6, 1.9) |
0.0 ± 0.8 (-1.6, 1.7) |
| At 6 wks | 8.6 ± 1.7 | 7.8 ± 1.7 | 8.3 ± 1.7 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | 0.1 ± 1.2 (-1.2, 1.4) |
-0.1 ± 2.2 (-1.3, 1.2) |
-0.1 ± 2.2 (-1.3, 1.2) |
|||
| Mentally ready* | ||||||
| Baseline | 9.1 ± 2.1 | 7.7 ± 2.2 | 8.4 ± 2.2 | -0.5 ± 0.6 (-1.7, 0.7) |
-0.0 ± 0.6 (-1.3, 1.2) |
0.5 ± 0.6 (-0.7, 1.7) |
| At 6 wks | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 8.5 ± 1.1 | 8.7 ± 1.1 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | 0.3 ± 1.6 (-0.6, 1.2) |
0.8 ± 1.6 (-0.1, 1.7) |
0.3 ± 1.6 (-0.6, 1.2) |
|||
| Fatigue* | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.8 ± 1.6 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 0.8 ± 0.6 (-0.3, 1.9) |
0.1 ± 0.6 (-0.9, 1.2) |
-0.7 ± 0.5 (-1.7, 0.4) |
| At 6 wks | 1.0 ± 1.7 | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 2.1 ± 1.7 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | 0.3 ± 1.4 (-0.6, 1.1) |
-0.5 ± 1.4 (-1.3, 0.3) |
0.1 ± 1.4 (-0.7, 0.9) |
|||
| Vigorous*⁎ | ||||||
| Baseline | 8.5 ± 1.7 | 7.1 ± 1.7 | 7.7 ± 1.7 | -1.6 ± 0.7 (-2.9, -0.3) |
-0.4 ± 0.7 (-1.7, 0.9) |
1.2 ± 0.7 (-0.1, 2.5) |
| At 6 wks | 8.2 ± 1.6 | 8.4± 1.5 | 7.8 ± 1.6 | |||
| Change baseline → 6 wks | -0.3 ± 1.7 (-1.3, 0.7) |
1.3 ± 1.7 (0.4, 2.2) |
0.1 ± 1.7 (-0.9, 1.1) |
|||
| Sleepy* | ||||||
| Baseline | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 2.2 | 0.9 ± 0.6 (-0.3, 2.2) |
1.3 ± 0.7 (-0.0, 2.5) |
0.3 ± 0.6 (-0.9, 1.5) |
Abbreviations: MVIC, maximal voluntary isometric contraction); SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.
⁎
Domains of psychological questionnaire.