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. 2022 Feb 14;12:2453. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06414-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Study design of the animal experiment. Anti-inflammatory effects of all A. muciniphila supplementations in LX-2 cell line. The mRNA Level of tlr-5 in quiescence and LPS-activated LX-2 cells treated with (B) Lam (C) Pam and (D) EVs; and tlr-9 in quiescence and LPS-activated LX-2 cells treated with (E) Lam (F) Pam and (G) EVs. Un: untreated cells, Lam: live A. muciniphila, Pam: pasteurized A. muciniphila, EV: extra cellular vesicles of A. muciniphila. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 by post hoc Turkey’s one-way ANOVA statistical analysis.