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. 2022 Feb 14;13(2):152. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-04455-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A The mRNA levels of GPR4 in intact and damaged regions of articular cartilage from OA patients (n = 8) were determined by qRT-PCR. Data are expressed as mean ± s.d. **p < 0.01 by Student’s two-tailed t test. B Correlation between the expression of GPR4 and COL2A1 (left), or MMP3 (right) in intact and damaged regions of articular cartilage from OA patients (n = 8) by qRT-PCR. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed. C, D Representative images of Safranin-O staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of GPR4 in intact and damaged regions of articular cartilage from human OA patients (C), Scale bar, 50 μm (n = 8 patients per group). International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) scores of human OA cartilage were analyzed (D, left) and GPR4 positive cells were quantified by IHC (D, right). n = 8. Data are expressed as mean ± s.d. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Student’s two-tailed t test. E–H Staining of articular cartilage sections with Safranin-O and GPR4 IHC from sham-operated (n = 6) or DMM-operated (n = 7) mice (E) or 4- or 24-month-old mice (n = 7). Scale bars, 50 μm. G The corresponding OARSI (Osteoarthritis Research Society International) scores were assessed (F and H, left) and GPR4 expression was quantified (F and H, right), respectively. n = 7. Data are expressed as mean ± s.d. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Student’s two-tailed t test.