Table 2.

Multivariable association of risk factors with changes in arterial stiffness outcomes during the 5-year follow-up

Risk factor at the 5-year follow-up assessment	Pulse wave velocity carotid femoral (m/s) a			Pulse wave velocity carotid radial (m/s) a			Pulse wave velocity femoral foot (m/s) a			Augmentation index (%) a
	β estimate	95% CI	P value	β estimate	95% CI	P value	β estimate	95% CI	P value	β estimate	95% CI	P value
Age (per year)	0.013	−0.080, 0.106	0.79	0.035	− 0.081, 0.152	0.55	0.005	−0.178, 0.188	0.95	−0.115	−0.512, 0.283	0.57
Male	0.110	−0.369, 0.589	0.65	−0.056	− 0.648, 0.536	0.85	−0.027	−1.004, 0.950	0.95	− 2.875	− 5.493, −0.258	0.03
Hispanic	0.246	−0.383, 0.876	0.44	0.594	− 0.176, 1.363	0.13	−0.311	−1.004, 0.950	0.63	0.001	−2.760, 2.761	0.99
Non-Hispanic Black	0.563	−0.121, 1.247	0.11	0.288	− 0.539, 1.115	0.49	−0.428	−1.791, 0.934	0.53	1.286	−1.584, 4.157	0.38
Body mass index (per 5 kg/m2)	−0.079	−0.231, 0.073	0.31	0.005	− 0.162, 0.172	0.95	−0.134	−0.407, 0.138	0.33	−0.526	−1.076, 0.024	0.06
Smoking	−0.452	−0.894, 0.001	0.05	0.121	− 0.414, 0.656	0.65	−0.243	−1.082, 0.597	0.57	1.790	−0.113, 3.694	0.06
Hemoglobin A1c (per 1%)*	0.100	0.007, 0.193	0.03	0.011	− 0.106, 0.128	0.85	0.113	−0.061, 0.288	0.20	0.002	−0.387, 0.392	0.99
Mean arterial pressure (per 10 mm Hg)	0.421	0.223, 0.619	<0.0001	0.237	− 0.001, 0.476	0.05	0.355	−0.043, 0.754	0.08	1.886	1.017, 2.755	<0.0001
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (per 5 mg/dL)	−0.023	−0.053, 0.006	0.11	0.009	− 0.026, 0.045	0.62	−0.052	−0.109, 0.005	0.07	0.003	−0.126, 0.132	0.96
Model R-square	0.28			0.15			0.37			0.29

Multivariable linear regression models include the 5-year change in the arterial stiffness assessment (dependent variable) as a function of the initial value of the outcome, height (in the augmentation index model), and heart rate (except in augmentation index model) by default (data not shown for these covariates). In addition, models included a measure of glycemic control, sex (referent group= ‘female’), race–ethnicity (referent group = ‘non-Hispanic White’), smoking during the 5-year interval (referent group= ‘no’), and the following continuous variables (per unit change as indicated) from the time of the 5-year follow-up assessment: age, body mass index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and mean arterial blood pressure

^*Hemoglobin A1c entered in the model as a time-weighted mean

Beta coefficient (β) estimates, and associated 95% confidence intervals [CI] and P-values are provided for each covariate and significant results with P-values <0.05 are bolded

^aHigher value is worse