Various PAMPs and DAMPs are recognized by both membrane and cytoplasmic receptors, leading to a series of signaling cascades, expression of cytokines and inflammasome sensers and adaptors, and assembly of either canonical or non-canonical inflammasome. As a result, caspases are activated and subsequently cleave gasdermins (primarily GSDMD) and pro-cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Pore-formation and release of cytokines and tissue factor lead to cell lysis, inflammation, coagulation, and tissue damage. Created with biorender.com.