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. 2022 Feb 14;12:2433. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06433-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

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Possible reaction mechanisms for dye and biomarker binding to the network of specific phages. In the left side of the figure, the biomarker is not present and the phages are organized along dye molecules. The right side of the figure shows the displacement of dyes from the vicinity of the phages (A). Another possibility is the direct interaction of dye-phage complexes to the biomarkers (B).