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Methods of RNP delivery are categorized into three groups: physical approaches, which include electroporation, microinjection, and iTOP (induced transduction by osmocytosis and propanebetaine), carrier systems, which include LNPs (lipid nanoparticles), AuNPs (gold nanoparticles), CPPs (cell penetrating peptides), and 2D materials, and VLPs (virus-like particles).
