Table 2.
Comparison of bone parameter measurements and results in studies of male and female professional and retired jockeysa
| Study (country) | Participants | Assessment method | Bone parameters measured | Results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (sex) | Age | |||||
| Greene et al. [10] (Australia) | 11 (m) and 14 (f) app | 20.1 ± 4.9 | pQCT | Tibial and radial bone variables: trabecular area and density, BMC, TBA, cortical area and density, SSI |
Tibia: cortical area (mm2)—66% proximal: 311.4 ± 40.5 Cortical density (g cm2)—66% proximal: 1163.6 ± 38.1 SSI (mm3) 4% distal 1683.3 ± 123.7; 66% proximal 1953.9 ± 326.8 Radius: cortical area (mm2)—66% proximal 81.4 ± 16.7 SSI (mm3) 4% distal 391.9 ± 69.4; 66% proximal 297.3 ± 88.3 |
|
| Silk et al. [55]b (Australia) | 17 (m) app | 22.3 ± 5.0 (supp) versus 19.3 ± 1.8 (pla) | pQCT and bone markers |
4% distal tibia: trabecular area, content and density, TD, TBA, bone strength index 66% proximal tibia: cortical content, area, density, thickness, TBA SSI tibia, P1NP, CTX |
Trabecular density (mg cm2): 241.0 ± 28.1 (supp); 246.8 ± 33.9 (pla) Trabecular area (mm2): 861.1 ± 160.2 (supp); 854.7 ± 126.7 (pla) Cortical density (mg cm2): 1101.5 ± 24.7 (supp); 1113.4 ± 22.1 (pla) Cortical area (mm2): 267.1 ± 29.3 (supp); 263.4 ± 43.8 (pla) SSI tibia (mm3): 2100.5 ± 329.2 (supp); 2140.0 ± 489.6 (pla) |
CTX (ng/L): 371.3 ± 201.0 (supp); 380.0 ± 141.1 (pla) P1NP (μg/L): 104.2 ± 46.4 (supp); 108.9 ± 31.6 (pla) |
| Waldron-Lynch et al. [56] (Ireland) | 9 (m) flat; 3 (m) NH | 25.5 ± 5.0 | Bone markers | NTx, fDPD, P1NP, bone ALP, OC |
NTx (nmol/mmol)c: 99.4 ± 72.6 fDPD (nmol/mmol)c: 6.98 ± 3.27 P1NP (μg/L): 118.8 ± 76.1 Bone ALP (μg/L): 18.8 ± 10.9 OC (μg/L): 20.8 ± 11.3 |
|
| Dolan et al. [11] (Ireland) | 20 (m) | 25.9 ± 3.3 | DXA and bone markers |
BMD: WB WB, LS (L2–4), FN BMAD: LS (L2–4), FN NTx, P1NP |
BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.134 ± 0.05 LS: 1.11 ± 0.08 FN: 1.06 ± 0.09 BMAD (g/cm3) LS: 0.137 ± 0.01 FN BMAD: 0.39 ± 0.04 |
NTx (nmol L−1): − 0.35 ± 0.88 P1NP (ng mL−1): 88.62 ± 46.69 |
| Wilson et al. [3] (UK) | 19 (m) flat; 18 (m) NH | 27.0 ± 5.0 flat; 25.0 ± 5.0 NH | DXA and bone markers |
BMD T-score: WB CTx |
T-score WB: − 0.87 ± 0.77 flat; − 0.11 ± 1.00 NH |
CTx (μg L−1): 0.46 ± 0.21 flat; 0.36 ± 0.14 NH |
| Jackson et al. [13] (UK) | 79 (m) and 37 (f) app; 69 (m) con |
18.5 ± 1.9 (m) 19.3 ± 2.0 (f) app; 20.7 ± 2.0 (m) con |
DXA |
BMD and BMC: LS (L1–L4), FN, TH BMAD: LS (L1–L4), FN Z-score ≤ − 1.0: LS (L1–L4), FN, TH Z-score ≤ − 2.0: LS (L1–L4), FN |
BMD (g/cm2) LS: 0.876 ± 0.091 (m); 0.987 ± 0.083 (f) app; 0.969 ± 0.087 con FN: 0.831 ± 0.070 (m); 0.840 ± 0.077 (f) app; 0.935 ± 0.093 con TH: 0.924 ± 0.084 (m) 0.959 ± 0.075 (f) app; 1.017 ± 0.100 con BMAD (g/cm3) LS: 0.114 ± 0.011 (m); 0.132 ± 0.013 (f) app; 0.118 ± 0.011 con FN: 0.155 ± 0.113 (m); 0.176 ± 0.023 (f) app; 0.168 ± 0.023 con Z-score ≤ − 1.0 n [%] LS: 60 [76.0] (m); 6 [16.2] (f) app; 36 [52.2] con FN: 27 [34.2] (m); 3 [8.1] (f) app; 6 [8.7] con TH: 33 [41.8] (m); 1 [2.7] (f) app; 7 [10.1] con Z-score ≤ − 2.0 n [%] LS: 23 [29.1] (m); 1 [2.7] (f) app; 9 [13.0] con FN: 1 [1.3] (m) app |
|
| Leydon and Wall [20] (New Zealand) | 2 (m) and 9 (f) app; 4 (m) and 5 (f) sen | 20.5 ± 3.8 app; 28.7 ± 5.0 sen | DXA | BMD T-scores: WB, LS, TH |
T-scores: WB: − 1.80 ± 0.76 LS: − 0.36 ± 1.0 TH: − 0.54 ± 1.1 |
|
| Wilson et al. [12] (UK) | 8 (m) and 8 (f) flat | 25.0 ± 5.0 (m); 29.0 ± 8.0 (f) | DXA |
BMD: LS, TH BMD Z-score: LS, TH |
BMD (g/cm2) LS: 0.90 ± 0.14 (m); 1.02 ± 0.13 (f) TH: 0.89 ± 0.1 (m); 0.87 ± 0.15 (f) Z-score LS: − 1.6 ± 1.3 (m); − 0.3 ± 0.8 (f) TH: − 1.2 ± 1.0 (m); − 0.02 ± 0.8 (f) |
|
| Wilson et al. [23] (UK) | 17 (m) app; 14(m) sen flat | 19.0 ± 2.0 app; 32.0 ± 7.0 sen | Z-score: LS, TH |
Z-score LS: − 1.3 ± 1.4 app; − 1.5 ± 1.0 sen TH: − 0.9 ± 1.1 app; − 0.8 ± 0.7 sen |
||
| Hitchens et al. [25] (Australia) | 5 (m and f) app and sen | 28.8 ± 10.1 | DXA | BMD: WB |
BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.157 ± 0.07 |
|
| Warrington et al. [2] (Ireland) | 17 (m) flat; 10 (m) NH | 26.7 ± 7.6 flat; 28.3 ± 5.3 NH | DXA |
BMD: WB, LS, TH BMD T-score: WB, LS, TH |
BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.05 ± 0.07 flat; 1.21 ± 0.06 NH LS: 1.12 ± 0.11 flat; 1.22 ± 0.15 NH TH: 0.99 ± 0.1 flat; 1.08 ± 0.13 NH T-score WB: − 1.23 ± 0.99 flat; − 0.16 ± 0.82 NH LS: − 0.91 ± 0.84 flat; − 0.3 ± 1.18 NH TH: − 0.67 ± 0.87 flat; − 0.11 ± 1.01 NH |
|
| Dolan et al. [26] (Ireland) | 14 (m) flat; 16 (m) NH | 25.0 ± 7.0 flat; 24.0 ± 4.0 NH | DXA |
BMD, BMC and BA: WB, LS (L2–4), FN BMAD: LS (L2–4), FN |
BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.09 ± 0.6 flat; 1.17 ± 0.05 NH LS: 1.10 ± 0.09 flat; 1.15 ± 0.1 NH FN: 1.05 ± 0.07 flat; 1.07 ± 0.11 NH BMAD (g/cm3) LS: 0.14 0.01 flat; 0.14 0.01 NH FN: 0.39 ± 0.04 flat; 0.38 ± 0.05 NH |
|
| Wilson et al. [29]b (UK) | 10 (m and f) flat and NH | 32.0 ± 6.0 | DXA | Z-score: LS, TH |
Z-score LS: − 1.32 ± 0.76 (Pre) TH: − 1.04 ± 1.2 (Pre) |
|
| O’Reilly et al. [30] (Hong Kong) | 20 (m) flat | 29.3 ± 7.8 | DXA |
BMD: forearm, calcaneus T and Z-score: forearm, calcaneus |
BMD (g/cm2) Forearm: 0.57 ± 0.07 (left); 0.56 ± 0.06 (right) Calcaneus: 0.46 ± 0.12 (left); 0.51 ± 0.06 (right) Z-score Forearm: 0.02 ± 0.99 (left); − 0.16 ± 1.15 (right) Calcaneus: − 1.43 ± 0.77 (left); − 1.22 ± 0.79 (right) |
|
| Poon et al. [9] (Hong Kong) | 14 (m) flat | 29.1 ± 6.1 | DXA |
BMD: calcaneus, forearm T and Z-score: calcaneus, forearm |
BMD (g/cm2) Calcaneus: 0.50 ± 0.06 (left); 0.51 ± 0.07 (right) Forearm: 0.58 ± 0.08 (left); 0.56 ± 0.06 (right) Z-score Calcaneus: − 1.60 ± 0.90 (left); − 1.42 ± 0.94 (right) Forearm: − 0.01 ± 1.06 (left); − 0.22 ± 0.92 (right) |
|
| Jeon et al. [31] (Korea) | 10 (m) flat | 31.8 ± 3.7 | DXA |
BMD: WB BMC T and Z-score: WB |
BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.155 ± 0.126 BMC Z-score WB: 0.00 ± 1.35 |
|
| Dunne et al. [32] (Ireland) | 39 (m) flat; 46 (m) NH | 27.7 ± 5.9 NH; 26.8 ± 9.6 flat | DXA |
BMD and BMC: WB, LS (L1–4), FN, TH BMAD: LS (L1–4), FN Z-score ≤ − 1.0: LS (L1–4), FN, TH Z-score ≤ − 2.0: LS (L1–4), FN |
BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.115 ± 0.081 flat; 1.244 ± 0.075 NH LS: 1.072 ± 0.113 flat; 1.163 ± 0.109 NH FN: 1.026 ± 0.115 flat; 1.100 ± 0.118 NH TH: 0.985 ± 0.106 flat; 1.057 ± 0.111 NH BMAD (g/cm3) LS: 0.125 ± 0.014 flat; 0.124 ± 0.012 NH FN: 0.389 ± 0.048 flat; 0.395 ± 0.044 NH Z-score ≤ − 1.0 n [%] LS: 23 [59] flat; 14 [30] NH FN: 10 [26] flat; 3 [7] NH TH: 19 [49] flat; 6 [13] NH Z-score ≤ − 2.0 n [%] LS: 8 [21] flat; 3 [7] NH TH: 2 [5] flat; 1 [2] NH |
|
| Cullen et al. [33] (Ireland) | 28 (m) flat and NH retired | 59.0 ± 6.0 | DXA and bone markers |
BMD: WB, LS, PF T-score: WB, LS, PF P1NP, CTx |
BMD (g/cm2) WB: 1.113 ± 0.142 LS: 1.008 ± 0.163 PF: 0.989 ± 0.154 T-score WB: − 1.1 ± 0.8 LS: − 0.7 ± 1.1 PF: − 0.8 ± 0.9 |
CTx: 0.395 ± 0.207 P1NP: 39.66 ± 14.43 |
| Mackinnon et al. [34] (UK) | 135 (m) retired 50+ | 64.7 ± 9.9 | Questionnaire | Self-reported osteoporosis | 7.4% of the retired jockeys reported as having osteoporosis compared to 1.6% of the reference population | |
Values are mean ± SD, f female, m male, NH national hunt, app apprentice, con conditional, sen senior, tra trainee, WB whole body, LS lumbar spine, TH total hip, PF proximal femur, FN femoral neck, BMC bone mineral content, BMD bone mineral density, BMAD bone mineral apparent density, CTx C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, P1NP procollagen type 1 amino terminal propeptide, Bone ALP bone alkaline phosphate, OC intact osteocalcin, NTx-1 N-telopeptides of type 1 collagen, pQCT peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography, TBA total bone area, fDPD free deoxypyridinoline cross-links, Supp supplement group, Pla placebo group, RCT randomised controlled trial, SSI strain strength index, 50+ jockeys ≥ 50 years of age
aTable is arranged based on assessment method and racing licence with studies of pQCT first followed by bone turnover markers and DXA in present-day jockeys then retired jockeys
bBaseline measurement of jockeys recruited for study intervention
cExpressed as a ratio with urine creatinine concentration