Table 1.

Summary of reported fiber-based strain sensors made with textile forming technology

Substrate	Types	Active materials	Strain range	GF	Cycling stability	Refs
Pu fiber	Resistive	Ag NPs	200%	35 (0–100%), 659 (150–200%)	10,000 (10%)	[123]
Pu fiber	Resistive	ZnO NWs	> 150%	15.2 (0–10%), 4.1 (10–150%)	> 10,000 (8.7–23.2%)	[114]
Polyolefin yarn	Resistive	Ag NWs	64%	13,920 (64%)	4500 (10%)	[173]
Elastic yarn	Resistive	Ni/Cu NPs	1100%	–	5000 (50%)	[174]
PET/elastic woven fabric	Resistive	PPy	105%	51.2 (0–40%), 27.6 (40%– 105%)	400 (10%)	[175]
PDMS woven fabric	Resistive	rGO	30%	70 (10%), 282 (20%)	–	[176]
Silk woven fabric	Resistive	carbonized silk	> 500%	9.6 (0–250%), 37.5 (250–500%)	6000 (100%)	[90]
Cotton woven fabric	Capacitive	Ni NPs	–	–	3600 with bending angle of 90°	[67]
Silk knitted fabric	Resistive	rGO	10%	124.5 (10%)	1000 (2%)	[177]
Spandex/polyamide knitted fabric	Resistive	Carbon black	30%	62.9 (0–30%)	5000 (10%)	[134]
Pu knitted fabric	Resistive	Ag NWs	140%	10.3 (0–60%), 6.3 (60–140%)	2500 (10%)	[178]
Nylon/Pu knitted fabric	Resistive	rGO	30%	18.5 (0–10%), 12.1 (10–18%)	120 (3%)	[135]
Wool knitted fabric	Resistive	graphene	40%		500 (20%)	[133]
TPU nonwoven	Resistive	rGO	98%	180 (15%), 23,600 (98%)	1000 (10%)	[138]
PVdF-HFP nonwoven fabric	Capacitive	SWCNT	0.3%	134 (0.3%)	1000 (0.1%)	[179]
TPU mat	Resistive	rGO	100%	11 (10%), 79 (100%)	6000 (50%)	[76]
Embroidery	Resistive	Ag	100%	0.1 (0–49%), 42.9 (50–57%)	2500 (40%)	[180]
Embroidery	Resistive	Ag	21%	–	4000 (10%)	[181]
Embroidery	Resistive	graphene	–	0.13 (0–8.85%) 0.37 (8.85–12.5%) 0.94 (12.5–13.64%)	2800 (40%)	[182]
Embroidery	Resistive	Cu	200%	49.5 (0–100%) 23.7 (100–150%) 6.9 (150–200%)	3000 (50%)	[6]