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. 2022 Feb 1;10:812262. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.812262

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Alterations in the microenvironment of diabetic foot ulcers after stem cell application. Stem cells promoted M2 polarization of macrophages and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Stem cells increased the levels of PDGFA, HGF, NGF, and bFGF in the wound site, and decreased the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and proinflammatory cytokines. Stem cells promoted collagen deposition by acting on fibroblasts. Increased levels of local VEGF can recruit EPCs to the wound site and increase the levels of PDGF and FGF-2. EGF can promote the proliferation of keratinocytes, and TGF-β can regulate local immunity by increasing the levels of Treg cells. MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; PDGFA, platelet-derived growth factor A; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; NGF, nerve growth factor; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; MMP-2, matrix metaroprotease-2; MMP-9, matrix metaroprotease-9; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; IL-10, interleukin-10; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; Tregs, regulatory T cells; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.