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. 2022 Feb 1;12:794323. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.794323

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Copyright © 2022 Lee, Lamanna, Ishida, Hill, Nguyen and Hsieh

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A–D) The matrix effect of urine on PMA crosslinking of DNA is not urea-based and is eliminated by centrifugation and resuspension in PBS. (A) C_T values of PMA-treated and untreated samples of non-viable bacteria resuspended in mouse urine or PBS. (B) C_T (and indicated dC_T) values of nonviable bacteria resuspended in various dilutions of urine or PBS. (C) C_T (and indicated dC_T) values of non-viable bacteria treated with PMA in PBS or urea concentrations corresponding to human and mouse urine. (D) C_T values of non-viable bacteria in urine with or without resuspending the contents in PBS before PMA treatment. Data shown is representative of three replicate experiments.