TABLE 3.

Athlete BMD Relative to Population Norms by Age-Matched Z Score ^a

	Male		Female
	BSI	No BSI	BSI	No BSI
Total body	-0.1 ± 0.6	0.5 ± 0.3	-0.1 ± 0.6	0.9 ± 0.3
Spine	0.7 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.2	-0.4 ± 0.7	1.0 ± 0.4
Pelvis	-1.2 ± 0.3	-0.9 ± 0.2	-1.6 ± 0.3	-0.9 ± 0.3
Legs	0.0 ± 0.6	0.5 ± 0.2	0.2 ± 0.7	1.2 ± 0.4

^a Data are presented as mean ± 95% CIfor age-matched Z scores among male and female athletes with (BSI) and without (No BSI) the presence of long BSI. Age-matched Z score is defined as the difference between the study participant’s BMD and an age-matched reference group divided by general population SD. ¹⁸ Similar to the diagnostic criteria for spine, femoral neck, and forearm, criteria for total and regional low BMD was defined as follows: osteopenia, Z score < -1; osteoporosis, Z score < -2.5. ¹⁸ BMD, bone mineral density; BSI, bone stress injury.