Table 3.

A summary of chemical-, biological agent-, and drug-induced dry eye animal models.

Models	Modeling method	Demonstrated outcomes	References
C57BL/6 female mice	Subcutaneous injection of scopolamine hydrobromide, an exposure to an air draft, and 30% ambient humidity	Tear-deficiency dry eye	(103)
Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Topically administered 10% N-acetylcysteine	Mucin-deficiency dry eye	(104)
Rabbit	Topically administered 0.1% benzalkonium chloride	Both aqueous tear and mucin deficiency	(105)
Rabbit	Burned with 50% trichloroacetic acid	Conjunctival goblet cells damage	(22)
Rabbit	Trichloroacetic acid-treated and/or the removal of nictitating membrane	Stable KCS model, similar to surgical LG removal	(106)
Rat	Subcutaneous implantation of scopolamine micro-osmotic pumps	Moderate dry eye	(93)
Wistar rats	Bilateral ovariectomy in female rats and oral finasteride; both male and female rats challenged	Tear deficiency Androgen deficiency dry eye	(107)
CBA/J mice	BTX-B injection into the LG	Mimic those in humans with non-SS, KCS	(108)
CBA/J mice	Transconjunctival injection of BTX-B into the lacrimal gland	Dry eye model without significant inflammatory cells infiltration	(109)
Female Wistar rats	Androgen deficiency dry eye model induced by finasteride	Androgen deficiency dry eye	(110)
Female BALB/c mice	A single injection of interleukin-1α into the lacrimal gland	A severe, but reversible inflammatory response in lacrimal gland acinar epithelial cells	(111, 112)

BTX, botulinum toxin; KCS, keratoconjunctivitis sicca; LG, lacrimal gland; and SS, Sjögren's syndrome.