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. 2021 Nov 20;398(10314):1875–1893. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01591-9

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© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Annualised rates of change of pentavalent vaccine (A) and MCV1 (B) doses administered per surviving infant and government spending on immunisation per surviving infant, and annualised rates of change in the incidence of lower respiratory tract infection (C) and the incidence of diarrhoeal disease (D) in children younger than 5 years and government spending on immunisation per surviving infant

Of the 135 low-income and middle-income countries, 123 increased government spending per surviving infant between 2010 and 2017. Each arrow represents one country moving from 2010 to 2017. The start year for South Sudan is 2011. 92 low-income and middle-income countries and territories are represented in panels A and B. All 135 low-income and middle-income countries and territories included in the study are represented in panels C and D. Spending estimates are presented in inflation-adjusted 2019 US dollars. Colours represent GBD super-regions. The surviving infant population is calculated using livebirths and infant mortality data from GBD 2019. Disease incidence data are from GBD 2017. AFG=Afghanistan. AGO=Angola. ALB=Albania. ARM=Armenia. ASM=American Samoa. AZE=Azerbaijan. BFA=Burkina Faso. BIH=Bosnia and Herzegovina. BOL=Bolivia. BRA=Brazil. BTN=Bhutan. BWA=Botswana. CAF=Central African Republic. CHN=China. CIV=Côte d’Ivoire. COD=Democratic Republic of the Congo. COG=Congo (Brazzaville). COM=Comoros. DJI=Djibouti. DZA=Algeria. ERI=Eritrea. ETH=Ethiopia. FJI=Fiji. GBD=Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. GEO=Georgia. GHA=Ghana. GIN=Guinea. GNB=Guinea-Bissau. GNQ=Equatorial Guinea. GTM=Guatemala. GUY=Guyana. HTI=Haiti. IND=India. IRN=Iran. IRQ=Iraq. KAZ=Kazakhstan. KEN=Kenya. KGZ=Kyrgyzstan. KHM=Cambodia. LAO=Laos. LBN=Lebanon. LBR=Liberia. MAR=Morocco. MCV1=measles-containing vaccine, first dose. MDG=Madagascar. MDV=Maldives. MEX=Mexico. MLI=Mali. MMR=Myanmar. MNG=Mongolia. MOZ=Mozambique. MRT=Mauritania. MUS=Mauritius. NAM=Namibia. NGA=Nigeria. PAK=Pakistan. PHL=Philippines. PNG=Papua New Guinea. PRK=North Korea. PRY=Paraguay. PSE=Palestine. RUS=Russia. SLB=Solomon Islands. SLE=Sierra Leone. SSD=South Sudan. SOM=Somalia. SYR=Syria. TCD=Chad. TGO=Togo. TJK=Tajikistan. TKM=Turkmenistan. TLS=Timor-Leste. TON=Tonga. TUN=Tunisia. TZA=Tanzania. UKR=Ukraine. UZB=Uzbekistan. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. VEN=Venezuela. VNM=Vietnam. VUT=Vanuatu. WSM=Samoa. YEM=Yemen. ZAF=South Africa. ZWE=Zimbabwe.