Table 2.

A process-oriented ethical map.

Operation process and operational problem		Ethical issues
Data collection
	Hypercollection	Autonomy Informed consent Right to privacy Surveillance health care
	Data quality and unorthodox use	Distortion of the understanding of health
Data management
	Data ownership and data accessibility	Autonomy Health equity
	Data ownership and data brokerage	Autonomy or informed consent Right to privacy Transparency
	Hacking	Right to privacy
Data analysis
	Biased algorithms	Discrimination or injustice Distortion of the understanding of health
	Biased training data set	Discrimination or injustice Distortion of the understanding of health
Information use
	Decontextualization of disease formation	Autonomy Distortion of the understanding of health Victim blaming
	Epistemic injustice	Autonomy Distortion of the understanding of health Damage physician–patient relationship
	Overdiagnosis	Distortion of the understanding of health Right to bodily integrity