TABLE 2.
Physical Examination, Laboratory Results, and Other Testing
| No Restriction Group | Restriction Group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n | Value | n | Value | P Value |
| Physical examination | |||||
| Weight, kg | 279 | 89.2 ± 21.8 | 63 | 92.6 ± 21.0 | 0.27 |
| Height, cm | 279 | 170.9 ± 9.2 | 63 | 170.2 ± 9.2 | 0.59 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 265 | 104.5 ± 16.9 | 58 | 105.4 ± 15.2 | 0.71 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 279 | 30.5 ± 6.8 | 63 | 32.1 ± 7.7 | 0.1 |
| Obese (BMI >30 kg/m2) | 279 | 124 (44.4) | 63 | 34 (54.0) | 0.17 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 279 | 122.2 ± 17.4 | 63 | 119.4 ± 20.0 | 0.27 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 279 | 68.6 ± 11.1 | 63 | 67.7 ± 13.1 | 0.57 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths per minute | 278 | 15.6 ± 3.5 | 63 | 17.0 ± 5.9 | 0.07 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 279 | 72.4 ± 13.6 | 63 | 76.8 ± 14.4 | 0.02 |
| Seated SpO2, % | 279 | 97.1 ± 3.0 | 63 | 97.0 ± 3.2 | 0.78 |
| Supine SpO2, % | 274 | 97.4 ± 2.6 | 62 | 96.9 ± 3.2 | 0.26 |
| Clubbing | 279 | 23 (8.2) | 63 | 5 (7.9) | 0.94 |
| Cyanosis | 279 | 10 (3.6) | 63 | 3 (4.8) | 0.71 |
| Spider angioma | 278 | 93 (33.5) | 63 | 22 (34.9) | 0.82 |
| Asterixis | 279 | 13 (4.7) | 63 | 0 (0.0) | 0.14 |
| Jaundice | 279 | 92 (33.0) | 63 | 22 (34.9) | 0.77 |
| Laboratory results | |||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 279 | 1.18 ± 0.42 | 63 | 1.35 ± 0.73 | 0.09 |
| Platelets, 1000/μL | 278 | 100.1 ± 56.9 | 63 | 101.5 ± 56.9 | 0.91 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 280 | 12.2 ± 2.0 | 63 | 11.7 ± 2.2 | 0.05 |
| INR | 276 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 63 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 0.02 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 279 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 62 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 0.002 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 279 | 2.8 ± 2.5 | 63 | 3.0 ± 2.3 | 0.57 |
| ALT, units/L | 279 | 55.5 ± 44.1 | 63 | 38.2 ± 21.7 | <0.001 |
| AST, units/L | 279 | 75.5 ± 63.0 | 63 | 56.5 ± 39.5 | 0.003 |
| ABG | |||||
| pH | 271 | 7.44 ± 0.04 | 61 | 7.45 ± 0.05 | 0.16 |
| PaCO2, mm Hg | 271 | 34.5 ± 4.8 | 61 | 34.9 ± 5.5 | 0.58 |
| PaO2, mm Hg | 270 | 87.0 ± 14.8 | 61 | 83.6 ± 14.2 | 0.1 |
| A-a gradient, mm Hg | 270 | 20.4 ± 14.2 | 61 | 23.3 ± 14.4 | 0.15 |
| Echocardiogram | |||||
| Left atrial volume, mL | 246 | 76.2 ± 23.4 | 50 | 71.4 ± 26.4 | 0.19 |
| Stroke volume, mL | 257 | 91.6 ± 24.5 | 59 | 88.8 ± 26.3 | 0.4 |
| Cardiac output, L/minute | 257 | 6.2 ± 1.9 | 59 | 6.2 ± 2.0 | 0.97 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 276 | 63.3 ± 5.4 | 63 | 63.6 ± 5.4 | 0.76 |
| RVSP, mm Hg | 191 | 32.2 ± 10.7 | 45 | 33.5 ± 13.2 | 0.49 |
| Intrapulmonary vascular dilatation* | 227 | 129 (56.8) | 57 | 29 (50.9) | 0.42 |
| Spirometry | |||||
| FVC, L | 280 | 3.74 ± 0.94 | 63 | 2.39 ± 0.62 | <0.001 |
| FVC percent predicted | 280 | 89.5 ± 11.9 | 63 | 58.3 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
| FEV1, L | 280 | 2.90 ± 0.67 | 63 | 1.94 ± 0.53 | <0.001 |
| FEV1 percent predicted | 280 | 89.9 ± 11.3 | 63 | 61.0 ± 12.1 | <0.001 |
| FEV1/FVC | 280 | 78.0 ± 5.5 | 63 | 81.5 ± 5.5 | <0.001 |
| Imaging | |||||
| Pleural effusion | 280 | 41 (14.6) | 63 | 24 (38.1) | <0.001 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 280 | 33 (11.8) | 63 | 7 (11.1) | 0.88 |
| Pulmonary artery enlargement | 280 | 11 (3.9) | 63 | 2 (3.2) | >0.99 |
| Cardiomegaly | 280 | 18 (6.4) | 63 | 6 (9.5) | 0.38 |
| Ascites | 274 | 138 (50.4) | 62 | 37 (59.7) | 0.19 |
| Exercise testing | |||||
| 6MWD, m | 241 | 407.2 ± 95.9 | 53 | 337.3 ± 97.3 | <0.001 |
| SpO2 at end of walk, % | 241 | 96.1 ± 4.5 | 53 | 95.1 ± 5.6 | 0.23 |
| Heart rate at end of walk, bpm | 241 | 94.9 ± 17.6 | 53 | 91.1 ± 19.9 | 0.16 |
| Borg score ≥2 after walk | 241 | 145 (60.2) | 53 | 36 (67.9) | 0.29 |
NOTE: Data expressed as mean ± SD or n (%). Bold values are significant.
*
Patients with a patent foramen ovale were excluded from the analysis.