Table 4.
Measurements of an Inflammatory Response
| Domain Recommendations | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Increase in chemokines or cytokines in BAL or lung tissue (e.g., CXCL1/2, MCP-1, MCP-3, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, TNFR1, IL-18, IL-10, etc.)* | 47 (96) |
| Increase in neutrophil numbers in BAL or in lung tissue (absolute numbers or by neutrophil elastase or myeloperoxidase content)* | 42 (86) |
| Increase in inflammatory monocyte and macrophage (and/or lymphocyte) subpopulations in BAL or lung tissue* | 30 (61) |
| Increase in neutrophil activity as measured by elastase or myeloperoxidase in supernatant of BAL or lung tissue* | 24 (49) |
| Endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression or mediator release (e.g., sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, Ang-2, vWF)* | 15 (31) |
| Transcriptomic signatures that mirror human gene expression | 12 (25) |
| Soluble DAMPs: extracellular ATP, HMGB1, or extracellular DNA | 7 (14) |
| Increased proteolysis (e.g., MMPs, elastase, other proteases) | 7 (14) |
| Changes in acute response genes (e.g., Egr1) | 5 (10) |
| Inflammasome activation | 5 (10) |
| Mitochondrial dysfunction | 1 (2) |
| Neutrophil extracellular traps | 1 (2) |
Definition of abbreviations: Ang-2 = angiopoietin-2; DAMPs = damage associated molecular patterns; Egr1 = early growth receptor 1; HMGB1 = high mobility group box 1; MCP = monocyte chemotactic protein; MMPs = matrix metalloproteinases; sICAM-1 = soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; sVCAM-1 = soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor–α; TNFR1 = tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; vWF = von Willebrand Factor.
*
Features or measurements that were considered as being “most relevant” to the domain by 30% or more of the respondents.