Table 1.
Description of Pediatric Cohort
| SARS-CoV-2 Children |
RSV Children |
IV Children |
Adjusted P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 36 | 24 | 9 | |
| Median age, yr (IQR) | 1.9 (0.4–15.0) | 0.33 (0.16–0.44) | 1.7 (1.4–7.0) | 0.003 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male, n (%) | 18 (50.0) | 10 (41.7) | 5 (55.6) | 0.92 |
| Female, n (%) | 18 (50.0) | 14 (58.3) | 4 (44.4) | |
| Race | ||||
| White, n (%) | 8 (22.2) | 13 (54.2) | 1 (11.1) | 0.03 |
| African American, n (%) | 4 (11.1) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (22.2) | |
| Asian, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (11.1) | |
| Other, n (%) | 23 (63.9) | 6 (25.0) | 4 (44.4) | |
| Unspecified, n (%) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (11.1) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic, n (%) | 11 (30.6) | 15 (62.5) | 4 (44.4) | 0.14 |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 24 (66.7) | 7 (29.2) | 4 (44.4) | |
| Unspecified, n (%) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (11.1) | |
| Medical history | ||||
| Healthy, n (%) | 12 (33.3) | 19 (79.2) | 3 (33.3) | 0.006 |
| Respiratory, n (%) | 9 (25.0) | 2 (8.3) | 5 (55.6) | 0.06 |
| Cardiovascular, n (%) | 5 (13.9) | 1 (4.2) | 1 (11.1) | 0.82 |
| Neurologic, n (%) | 6 (16.7) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (22.2) | 0.47 |
| Hematologic, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 0.76 |
| Oncologic, n (%) | 2 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.88 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 1 |
| Gastrointestinal, n (%) | 8 (22.2) | 2 (8.3) | 2 (22.2) | 0.62 |
| Endocrine, n (%) | 3 (8.3) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (11.1) | 1 |
| Metabolic/genetic, n (%) | 8 (22.2) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (22.2) | 0.38 |
| Presentation* | ||||
| Respiratory, n (%) | 20 (57.1) | 24 (100) | 9 (100) | — |
| Gastrointestinal, n (%) | 3 (8.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| Fever only, n (%) | 5 (14.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| Nonrespiratory viral syndrome, n (%) | 2 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| Asymptomatic, n (%) | 5 (14.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| Median day of illness at collection (IQR) | 4.0 (2.0–6.8) | 4.0 (3.0–4.3) | 5.0 (4.0–5.0) | 0.88 |
| Severity | ||||
| ICU admission, d (%) | 8 (22.2) | 24 (100) | 9 (100) | — |
| Median ICU LoS, d (IQR) | 3.0 (2.0–6.0) | 7.0 (4.0–10.0) | 6.0 (3.0–9.0) | 0.68 |
| Median Hospital LoS, d (IQR) | 3.0 (2.0–6.0) | 7.0 (5.0–12.0) | 6.0 (3.0–9.0) | 0.006 |
| ARDS, n (%) | 1 (2.8) | 3 (12.5) | 1 (11.1) | 0.62 |
| Vasoactive medications, n (%) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 0.89 |
| Respiratory support | ||||
| Collection | ||||
| None, n (%) | 29 (80.6) | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 3.7 × 10–13 |
| Low flow interface, n (%) | 4 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| HFNC, n (%) | 1 (2.8) | 13 (54.2) | 3 (33.3) | |
| NIPPV, n (%) | 2 (5.6) | 1 (4.2) | 4 (44.4) | |
| IMV, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (37.5) | 2 (22.2) | |
| Oxygen, n (%) | 7 (19.4) | 23 (95.8) | 9 (100) | 1 |
| Peak | ||||
| None, n (%) | 26 (72.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.4 × 10–11 |
| Low flow interface, n (%) | 3 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| HFNC, n (%) | 3 (8.3) | 12 (50.0) | 3 (33.3) | |
| NIPPV, n (%) | 4 (11.1) | 2 (8.3) | 4 (44.4) | |
| IMV, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (41.7) | 2 (22.2) | |
| Oxygen, n (%) | 9 (25.0) | 24 (100) | 9 (100) | 1 |
| Median respiratory support days† (IQR) | 5.0 (2.0–6.0) | 6.5 (4.0–11.0) | 5.0 (3.0–8.0) | 0.62 |
| Median supplemental oxygen days (IQR) | 3.0 (2.0–6.0) | 7.0 (4.8–10.0) | 5.0 (3.0–9.0) | 0.26 |
| Copathogen detection | ||||
| Virus, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (12.5) | 1 (11.1) | 0.17 |
| Bacteria, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (25.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0.02 |
Definition of abbreviations: ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; HFNC = high-flow nasal canula; IMV = invasive mechanical ventilation; IQR = interquartile range, IV = influenza virus; LoS = length of stay, NIPPV = noninvasive positive pressure ventilation; RSV = respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Adjusted P values were calculated by Kruskal-Wallis test for medians and Fisher’s exact test for proportions with Benjamini-Hocherg false discovery rate correction. Values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
*
n = 35 for SARS-CoV-2 presentation owing to incomplete medical records.
†
Cumulative days requiring HFNC, NIPPV, or IMV.