Table 2. Potential questions in clinical practice for patients with concomitant MAFLD and chronic hepatitis B/C.

Potential questions in clinical practice	HBV	HCV
Does hepatitis B/C promote fatty liver?	No	Yes
Does HBV/HCV infection increase the risk of diabetes?	Unknown	Yes
Does HBV/HCV infection worsen hyperlipidemia?	No	No
Does fatty liver promote liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis?	Yes	Yes
Does fatty liver promote HCC in chronic hepatitis?	Yes	Yes
Does fatty liver facilitate viral replication?	No	Yes
Does fatty liver reduce the therapeutic effects of antiviral therapy?	Unknown	IFN-α—Yes DAA—unknown
Do drugs for diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia interact with antiviral therapies?	Unknown	IFN-α—unknown For some DAAs—Yes

DAAs, direct antiviral agents; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IFN-α, interferon-alpha; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.