Table 5.
Univariate and multi-variable binary logistic regression analysis of predictors of antibiotics use among the surveyed hospitals
| Variables | Patient on antibiotics | COR, 95% CI | AOR, 95% CI | |
| Yes, n (%) | No, n (%) | |||
| Age in years | ||||
| 0–17 | 460 (39.6) | 156 (23.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 18–39 | 406 (34.9) | 284 (43.6) | 0.49 (0.38 to 0.61)** | 0.61 (0.38 to 0.86)* |
| 40–64 | 211 (18.2) | 160 (24.3) | 0.45 (0.34 to 0.59)* | 0.55 (0.39 to 0.93)* |
| ≥65 | 85 (7.3) | 58 (8.8) | 0.5 (0.34 to 0.73)** | 1.45 (0.31 to 3.59) |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 584 (50.3) | 388 (59.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 578 (49.7) | 270 (41.0) | 1.42 (1.17 to 1.73)* | 1.18 (0.93 to 1.49) |
| Ward type | ||||
| Paediatric medical | 112 (9.6) | 34 (5.2) | 2.85 (1.76 to 4.62)* | 3.78 (1.81 to 7.9)** |
| Paediatric surgical | 41 (3.5) | 15 (2.3) | 2.37 (1.22 to 4.58) | 2.31 (0.96 to 5.51) |
| Paediatric high risk | 32 (27.5) | 10 (1.5) | 2.77 (1.29 to 5.97) | 4.15 (1.59 to 10.8)* |
| Paediatric ICU | 9 (0.8) | 4 (0.6) | 1.95 (0.58 to 6.56) | 1.57 (0.38 to 6.50) |
| Paediatric emergency | 94 (8.1) | 26 (4.0) | 3.13 (1.86 to 5.28)* | 4.22 (1.98 to 9.02)** |
| Neonatal ICU | 140 (12.0) | 44 (6.7) | 2.76 (1.76 to 4.31)* | 3.27 (1.59 to 6.67)* |
| Adult medical | 199 (17.1) | 141 (21.4) | 1.22 (0.85 to 1.76) | 1.31 (0.89 to 1.92) |
| Adult surgical | 219 (18.8) | 111 (16.9) | 1.71 (1.18 to 2.48) | 2.00 (1.36 to 2.95)** |
| Adult high risk | 13 (1.1) | 29 (4.4) | 0.39 (0.19 to 0.79) | 0.45 (0.22 to 0.96)* |
| Adult ICU | 49 (4.2) | 8 (1.2) | 5.30 (2.38 to 11.83)* | 2.68 (1.05 to 6.88) |
| Gynaecology/obstetrics | 157 (13.5) | 152 (23.1) | 0.89 (0.62 to 1.29) | 0.83 (0.54 to 1.27) |
| Adult emergency | 97 (8.3) | 84 (12.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urinary catheterisation status | ||||
| No | 846 (72.8) | 571 (86.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 316 (27.2) | 87 (13.2) | 2.45 (1.89 to 3.18)* | 2.74 (2.04 to 3.68)* |
| Intubation status | ||||
| No | 1098 (94.5) | 650 (98.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 63 (5.5) | 8 (1.2) | 4.66 (2.22 to 9.79)* | 2.62 (1.02 to 6.76)** |
| HIV infection status | ||||
| Yes | 161 (13.9) | 33 (5.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 867 (74.6) | 554 (84.2) | 0.32 (0.22 to 0.47)** | 0.19 (0.13 to 0.30)** |
| Unknown | 134 (11.5) | 71 (10.8) | 0.39 (0.24 to 0.62)** | 0.24 (0.15 to 0.40)** |
| Within 90 days hospitalisation history | ||||
| Yes | 366 (31.5) | 196 (29.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 796 (68.5) | 462 (70.2) | 0.93 (0.75 to 1.14) | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.06) |
| Length of hospitalisation in days | 0.998 (0.99 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | ||
| Hospital type | ||||
| Secondary care | 623 (53.6) | 304 (46.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Tertiary care | 539 (46.4) | 354 (53.8) | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.90)* | 0.66 (0.53 to 0.81)* |
*p<0.05, **statistically significant at p<0.0001.
AOR, adjusted OR; COR, crude OR; ICU, intensive care unit.