Table 4.

Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among participants (n = 4227)

Variables	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	No Hesitancy (n = 3566)	Hesitancy (n = 661)	P	OR* (95%CI*)	P
Age (years), ($mean\pm SD)$	33.59 $\pm$ 10.04	29.92 $\pm$ 8.48	< 0.001	0.974 (0.956–0.993)	0.006
Gender, n (%)
Male	1219 (34.2)	190 (28.7)	0.006	1.000
Female	2347 (65.8)	471 (71.3)		1.331 (1.050–1.687)	0.018
Ethnicity, n (%)
Han	3169 (88.9)	596 (90.2)	0.325	─
Other	397 (11.1)	65 (9.8)
Residence place, n (%)
Urban	3085 (86.5)	535 (80.9)	< 0.001	1.000
Rural	481 (13.5)	126 (19.1)		0.959 (0.710–1.295)	0.785
Marital status, n (%)					0.822
Single	1392 (39.0)	352 (53.3)	< 0.001	1.000
Married	2102 (58.9)	302 (45.7)		1.039 (0.745–1.449)	0.820
Others	72 (2.1)	7 (1.0)		0.774 (0.285–2.107)	0.617
Education level, n (%)
≤ High school	208 (5.8)	52 (7.9)	0.046	1.000
College and above	3358 (94.2)	609 (92.1)		0.771 (0.503–1.181)	0.232
Population groups					0.779
General population	342 (9.6)	92 (13.9)	< 0.001	1.000
Students	573 (16.1)	180 (27.2)		1.219 (0.834–1.781)	0.306
Medical workers	2307 (64.7)	349 (52.8)		1.140 (0.801–1.624)	0.466
Public health professionals	344 (9.6)	40 (6.1)		1.177 (0.704–1.966)	0.535
Household income (past 1 year), n (%)					0.344
> 350,000	116 (3.3)	34 (5.1)	0.001	1.000
110,000–350,000	1230 (34.5)	198 (30.0)		0.621 (0.362–1.063)	0.082
50,000–100,000	1562 (43.8)	273 (41.3)		0.627 (0.370–1.065)	0.084
≤ 40,000	658 (18.5)	156 (23.6)		0. 675 (0.386–1.179)	0.167
Ever smoking, n (%)
No	3156 (88.5)	578 (87.4)	0.436	─
Yes	410 (11.5)	83 (12.6)
Ever drinking, n (%)
No	3027 (84.9)	549 (83.1)	0.231	─
Yes	539 (15.1)	112 (16.9)
COVID-19 test results, n (%)					0.581
Positive	22 (0.6)	17 (2.6)	< 0.001	1.000
Negative	2669 (74.8)	429 (64.9)		0.631 (0.256–1.558)	0.318
Haven’t tested	875 (24.5)	215 (32.5)		0.617 (0.249–1.531)	0.298
Do you agree that vaccines can protect you from diseases?
No	268 (7.5)	150 (22.7)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	3298 (92.5)	511 (77.3)		0.404 (0.301–0.543)	< 0.001
Do you agree that you will get all vaccines that National Immunization Program or government recommended?
No	654 (18.3)	268 (40.5)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	2912 (81.7)	393 (59.5)		0.783 (0.619–0.991)	0.042
Have you ever hesitated to get vaccination?
No	2551 (71.5)	281 (42.5)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	1015 (28.5)	380 (57.5)		1.656 (1.302–2.106)	< 0.001
Have you ever refused to get vaccination?
No	3117 (87.49)	436 (66.0)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	449 (12.6)	225 (34.0)		1.340 (1.022–1.756)	0.034
Have you ever hesitated or refused to be get Pneumococcal Vaccine?					0.042
No	2516 (70.6)	312 (47.2)	< 0.001	1.000
Ever hesitated	784 (22.0)	257 (38.9)		1.450 (1.083–1.941)	0.013
Ever refused	266 (7.5)	92 (13.9)		1.340 (0.862–2.083)	0.193
Have you ever hesitated or refused to get Influenza Vaccine?					0.805
No	2525 (70.8)	346 (52.3)	< 0.001	1.000
Ever hesitated	781 (21.9)	222 (33.6)		0.939 (0.698–1.262)	0.674
Ever refused	260 (7.3)	93 (14.1)		0.870 (0.563–1.344)	0.531
The General Vaccine Hesitancy Scale scores
$m\pm SD$	19.12 $\pm$ 7.91	25.46 $\pm$ 8.52	< 0.001	1.043 (1.029–1.056)	< 0.001
Concerns about infection with COVID-19
$m\pm SD$	9.77 $\pm$ 2.05	10.10 $\pm$ 2.05	0.001	1.086 (1.032–1.143)	0.002
Do you agree that COVID-19 epidemic is a severe problem affecting the health of the community?
No	962 (27.0)	217 (32.8)	0.002	1.000
Yes	2604 (73.0)	444 (67.2)		0.946 (0.741–1.208)	0.656
Do you agree that COVID-19 will be a great threat to your health if you are infected?
No	377 (10.6)	93 (14.1)	0.009	1.000
Yes	3189 (89.4)	568 (85.9)		1.212 (0.856–1.714)	0.279
Do you agree that you will get COVID-19 vaccine if doctors recommend?
No	171 (4.8)	241 (36.5)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	3395 (95.2)	420 (63.5)		0.176 (0.132–0.234)	< 0.001
Do you agree that the advice of your family members or friends will affect your intention of getting COVID-19 vaccine?
No	2260 (63.4)	271 (41.0)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	1306 (36.6)	290 (59.0)		1.533 (1.212–1.940)	< 0.001
Do you agree that you have no need of getting COVID-19 vaccine because you are healthy?
No	3209 (90.0)	438 (66.3)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	357 (10.0)	223 (33.7)		1.938 (1.495–2.512)	< 0.001
Do you need transparent information about COVID-19 vaccine development, efficacy and safety?
No	557 (15.6)	141 (21.3)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	3009 (84.4)	520 (78.7)		0.722 (0.535–0.973)	0.032
Do you have doubts about the source of information about the COVID-19 vaccine?
No	2788 (78.2)	297 (44.9)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	778 (21.8)	364 (55.1)		2.157(1.697–2.742)	< 0.001
Have you ever received negative information about getting the COVID-19 vaccine?
No	1725 (48.4)	251 (38.0)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	1841 (51.6)	410 (62.0)		1.563 (1.229–1.986)	< 0.001
Would you like to get the COVID-19 vaccine after receiving the negative information about it?
No	1131 (31.7)	467 (70.7)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	2435 (68.3)	194 (29.3)		0.315 (0.249–0.398)	< 0.001
Do you agree that the time costs in waiting for the vaccination or staying at the clinic will be a barrier for you to get COVID-19 vaccine?
No	2658 (74.5)	390 (59.0)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	908 (25.)	271 (41.0)		1.137 (0.870–1.487)	0.348
Do you agree that the environment of the clinic will be a barrier for you to get COVID-19 vaccine?
No	2166 (60.7)	298 (45.1)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	1400 (39.3)	363 (54.9)		1.286 (0.986–1.679)	0.064
Do you agree that the cost of going to the clinic will be a barrier for you to get COVID-19 vaccine?
No	2561 (71.8)	367 (55.5)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	1005 (28.2)	294 (44.5)		1.097 (0.839–1.434)	0.498
Have you gotten emergency COVID-19 vaccination for some reasons?
No	2343 (65.7)	500 (75.6)	< 0.001	1.000
Yes	1223 (34.3)	161 (24.4)		0.807 (0.626–1.040)	0.097