TABLE 3.

In vitro effects of S. jambos extracts.

Extract	Activity	Used method	Country	Effects	Reference
Whole plant
ethanol extract	Antioxidant	DPPH and NO scavenging assay	South Africa	DPPH (IC50 = 14.10 µg/ml) NO scavenging assay (Low activity)	Twilley et al. (2017)
	Anti-inflammatory	COX-2		IC50 of 3.79 µg/ml
	Cytotoxic	A375, A431, HeLa and HEK-293 cell lines		IC50 ranged between 56 and 198 µg/ml
	Antiviral	Anti-herpes simplex virus type-1 assay		The extract exhibited potential anti-viral activity at 50.00 μg/ml
				100% viral inhibition when tested at the highest viral dose
Leaves
Hydroethanol	Antioxidant	DPPH	Brazil	EC50 = 5.68 µg/ml	Donatini et al. (2009)
		MDA		IC50 = 0.17 µg/ml
Methanolic extract	Anti-inflammatory	Hyaluronidase inhibition assay	India	60.80% inhibition at 1 µg/ml	Reddy et al. (2014)
	Antioxidant	DPPH assay		IC50 = 41 ± 1.8 µg/ml
		Nitric oxide assay		IC50 = 63 ± 1.6 µg/ml
		lipid peroxidation		IC50 = 48 ± 20 µg/ml
Ethanolic extract	Antioxidant	ABTS	Bangladesh	IC50 = 57.80 µg/ml	Hossain et al. (2016)
Methanolic extract	Antioxidant	DPPH	Egypt	IC50 = 5.7 ± 0.45 µg/ml	Sobeh et al. (2018)
		FRAP		IC50 = 19.77 ± 0.79 mM
Ethanolic extract	Anticancer	XXT	South Africa	IC50 < 60 µg/ml against the HeLa and A431 cell line	Twilley et al. (2017)
	Antiviral	Cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay		Potential antiviral activity with 100% viral inhibition for both (10 and 100 TCID50) viral doses against HSV-1
	Antioxidant	DPPH		IC50 = 1.17 ± 0.30 μg/ml
Methanolic, hexane and dichloromethane extract	Antiviral	Plaque Reduction Assay	Thailand	At 100 µg/ml, extracts of hexane and dichloromethane exhibited HSV-1/HSV-2 inhibitory activity greater than 50% inhibition	Athikomkulchai et al. (2008)
70% aqueous acetone extract	Cytotoxicity	MTT assay	Taiwan	IC50 = 10.2 µg/ml strongest cytotoxic effect on human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60)	Yang et al. (2000)
Methanol extract	Cytotoxicity	SRB assay	Egypt	At 100 µg/ml, the extract exhibited an increase of MCF-7 cell proliferation	Rocchetti et al. (2019)
85% MeOH	Antioxidant	Phosphomolybdenum assay	Egypt	538.20 mg AAE/g extract	Ghareeb et al. (2016)
Deffated 85% MeOH				619.51 mg AAE/g extract
Petroleum ether				147.96 mg AAE/g extract
Dichloromethane				222.76 mg AAE/g extract
Ethyl acetate				460.15 mg AAE/g extract
n-Butanol				643.90 mg AAE/g extract
Aqueous				315.44 mg AAE/g extract
Ethanolic extract	Antioxidant	DPPH	Bangladesh	IC50 = 14.10 μg/ml	Islam et al. (2012)
Methanolic and ZnO-NPs extract	Antiurolithiatic	Single diffusion gel growth technique	India	PI = 19.63–30.56% of inhibition at 2% of extract	Deka et al. (2021)
				PI = 16.28–24.68% of inhibition at 0.5% of extract for ZnO-NPs extract, PI = 25.60 at 0.5 and 35.27% at 5%
Methanolic extract	Antioxidant	DPPH	Egypt	IC50 = 48.13 µg/ml	Khalaf et al. (2021)
Ethanolic extract	Antioxidant	DPPH	India	IC50 = 38.73 µg/ml	Rajkumari et al. (2018b)
Aqueous ethanolic extract	Antioxidant	DPPH	Egypt	EC50 = 13.52 ± 0.69 µg/ml	Nawwar et al. (2016)
		ORAC assay		EC50 = 34.35 ± 12.45 µg/ml
	Cytotoxicity	Neutral red uptake assay		HaCaT (IC50 = 106.74 ± 10.89 µg/ml)
				Bladder carcinoma cells (IC50 = 55.24 ± 2.67 µg/ml)
Fruit
Methanolic extract	Antioxidant	DPPH	United States	IC50 = 92.0 ± 8.24 µg/ml	Reynertson et al. (2008)
Hydroalchohlic extract	Antioxidant	DPPH	Pahang	IC50 = 24.44 µg/ml	Yunus et al. (2021)
Ethanolic extract	Antioxidant	DPPH	Malaysia	Lowest activity, IC50 = 24.44 μg/ml
	Antidiabetic	α-Glucosidase inhibition assay		Low inhibition activity, IC50 = 0.67 ± 0.04
n-Hexane, DCM and MeOH	Cytotoxicity	HeLa and Vero cell lines	Bangladesh	Not active	Nesa et al. (2021)
Seed
Methanolic extract	Antioxidant	DPPH and ORAC	Brazil	112.06 and 489.62 µmol/g Trolox equivalent, respectively	Vagula et al. (2019)
Ethanolic extract	Antioxidant	ABTS	China	IC50 = 45.79 ± 1.02 µg/ml	Zheng et al. (2011)
		Hydroxyl radical activity		IC50 = 65.22 ± 0.93 µg/ml
		DPPH		IC50 = 95.21 ± 1.78 µg/ml
Flowers
85% MeOH	Antioxidant	Phosphomolybdenum assay	Egypt	560.97 mg AAE/g extract	Ghareeb et al. (2016)

AAE: ascorbic acid equivalent; PI: percentage inhibition of the struvite crystals.