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. 2021 Nov 13;34(1):395–417. doi: 10.1093/plcell/koab276

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Simulation of OMV-plant PM interaction and the lipid order modulation in model plant membrane by receiving OMV lipids. A, Molecular simulation snapshots of a 23-nm diameter POPC vesicle placed above a POPC-sterol (1:1) (Left) or POPC (Right) planar membrane at the beginning of the simulation and after 1 μs. Bottom panels show the cross-sectional views. Phospholipid particles are colored as follows: head-group particles in blue, phosphate particles in dark green, glycerol particles in pink, and fatty acid tail particles in cyan. Sterol particles are colored as follows: head-group particles in purple and the rest in cyan. B, The temporal evolution of the wrapping ratio (Left) and number of vesicle lipids leaked into planar membrane (Right) for systems in (A): POPC-sterol membrane (black solid line) and a control system (POPC membrane, red dashed line). C, Saturation levels of lipids in Arabidopsis and Xcc OMVs characterized by lipidomic analyses. Data represent the mean of six biological replicates (N = 6). Results of the Arabidopsis lipidome were reported previously (Tran et al., 2020). D, Saturation levels of PEs in Arabidopsis and Xcc OMVs characterized by lipidomic analyses. Data represent mean of six biological replicates (N = 6). E, Side views of the simplified Arabidopsis PM model (Top) and the ones with all PEs replaced by POPE (Middle) or by DPPE (DP: dipalmitoyl) (Bottom) after 2 μs of simulation. Lipids are in ball-and-stick representation and colored as follows: sterols in gray, PEs in red, PCs in blue, PGs in green, phosphatidylserines (PSs) in yellow, ceramides in white, and galactolipids in orange. Each lipid has one of its head-group particles shown as a sphere (except for sterols). F, Lipid order parameters averaged over fatty acid tail particles from both tails for phospholipids (PC, PS, PG) and ceramides (CER) with PE tails being poly-unsaturated (original: 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl or PI, dilinoleoyl or DI), mono-unsaturated (PO) or saturated (DP). JPPG (C16:1(3t)/16:0 PG) is phosphatidylglycerol lipid with trans-3-hexadecenoic acid tail (sn1) and a palmitoyl (sn2) tail. DPCE, PXCE, and PNCE are ceramides with 18:0, 24:0, and 24:1 fatty acid tail, respectively. See Supplemental Data Set S4 for detailed information on the fatty acid tails.