Table 3.
Baseline summary statistics and randomization tests
| Control (N = 487) |
Bridges (N = 396) |
Bridges PLUS (N = 500) |
Total (N = 1383) |
Wald-tests | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/% | SD | Mean/% | SD | Mean/% | SD | Mean/% | SD | ||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Age | 12.76 | 1.23 | 12.56 | 1.31 | 12.71 | 1.25 | 12.68 | 1.26 | 2.74 |
| Female | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.21 | ||||
| Household size | 6.43 | 2.97 | 6.29 | 2.62 | 6.32 | 2.74 | 6.35 | 1.33 | |
| Number of children | 3.18 | 2.32 | 3.14 | 2.08 | 3.23 | 2.18 | 3.19 | 0.62 | |
| Years living in the households | 7.12 | 4.41 | 7.19 | 4.44 | 7.44 | 4.54 | 7.26 | 4.46 | 0.88 |
| Double orphan | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 6.84* | ||||
| Primary caregiver | 18.96** | ||||||||
| Parents | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.41 | |||||
| Grandparents | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.37 | |||||
| Other relatives | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.23 | |||||
| Caregiver: employed | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.59 | ||||
| MPI indicators | |||||||||
| Health | |||||||||
| Malnutrition | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.06 | ||||
| Sexual risk | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 2.97 | ||||
| Depression | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 1.63 | ||||
| Assets | |||||||||
| No savings | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 1.66 | ||||
| Few clothing and shoes | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 5.90+ | ||||
| Lack of communication or transportation | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.24 | ||||
| Housing | |||||||||
| Distant water sources | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 4.30 | ||||
| No brick house | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.76 | ||||
| Electricity | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 2.24 | ||||
| Behavioral risks | |||||||||
| Child labor | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.49 | ||||
| Drinking | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.74 | ||||
| School dropout | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | n/a | ||||
| C vector a | 0.35 | 0.11 | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 3.46 |
p < 0.10,
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01.
To examine whether children across three groups are different by their demographic characteristics and indicators at baseline, we employ a multilevel model for each characteristic and use the group membership variables to predict that characteristic. In each multilevel model, we include school-level random intercepts to account for clustering at the school level. We report the test statistic and p-value from the Wald-test after each model testing whether coefficients for the group membership are jointly equal to zero
C vector is a simultaneous deprivation score for each child. It is derived through summing deprivation status of each indicator multiplied by weight (1/12), which is a weighted sum of overlapping deprivations